fide of the niche without are the remains of a staff carved on the wall carrying a cross-piece on the top, and prefenting the appearance of a tall crutch; the true CROZIER of antiquity, as I fhall hereafter fhew. Directly over the niche is equally carved upon the wall, but remains more evident to the eye at present, a large and tall MITRE, furmounted by a cross.

"Near this but in the southern wall, is another niche, equally coæval with the wall itself, yet much lower in elevation, and very different in form: it is not rounded at the back and top, but flat behind and archlike above, having much ornamental carving on fome fmall pillars that are tied by a fascia of stone into a neat kind of arch, or (to exprefs myself for once in language more technical in itself, but more obfcure to the generality) the arch, which appears to have been formerly fcalloped, rests on three clustered columns upon each fide while the pediment over the arch, and the fineals of the buttresses at the fides, are richly purfled, as beneath the arch is an ornament of quarterfoils: and this niche carries, equally with that, a stone feat at the bottom. This then I confider, without any aid from tradition, and from the mere analogy of the whole, to be THE STALL OF THE CHAPLAIN; the only officer under the bishop, then attending continually upon him, but acting equally as a chaplain and a chancellor to him. Thus the kings of Wales retained only one clergyman in the train of their court, as late as the tenth century; who was generally called the offeiriad, or the adminiftrator of the Eucharift; who was to blefs the meat at meals, chant the Lords Prayer, and then fit down at the table oppofite to the master of the king's hounds. He ranked in dignity next to the very prefect of the palace; was always to be about the perfon of the king, as one of his infeparable attendants; and with thofe two officers immediately below him, the steward and the judge of the household, was to keep up the dignity of the court in determining such causes as the king did not attend himself. He was also to refide in what was denominated the chaplain's house, together with his scholars, that were training up for orders under him; and for that reafon affuredly was to prefent, juft as our lord chancellor for a fimilar reafon, but under greater reftrictions, prefents now to churches in the royal patronage. We find alfo our Saxon and Norman kings, attended each like the British with a single chaplain only. Thus Ingulphus fpeaks of the presbyter of the royal palace,' in the days of Edmund Ironfide; the Saxon Chronicle notices one Giffard in the reign of Henry I. as the king's hire-clerc,' or familyclergyman; and the fame Chronicle again notices, in the reign of the Conqueror, feveral bishops elect, as what the notice immediately preceding fhews them to be successively the king's chaplain's, or the king's clerks.' Juft fo we find Canute, when fovereign of all England, reprefented by the fame Chronicle, as giving a church of his own foundation to his own priest, whofe name was Stigand." But, to come clofer to the point, we fee as early as 710 Acca, Wilfrid's priest,' confecrated to the bishopric that Wilfrid had held before; and in 685, upon John's refignation of the bishopric of York, Wilfrid his priest," confecrated to it. So accurately is a fingle feat formed, for the fingle clergyman then attendant on the bishop!"

Mr. Whitaker enters into an hiftorical furvey of the cathedral; and from its internal state, endeavours to confirm his favourite pofition of the fupremacy of the St. German's cathedral, while Cornwall was independent. It would far exceed the boundaries of our Review,

to

to follow our author through every fact or conjecture, which he ftates in fupport of his favourite pofition. He enters into a differtation concerning the quantities of gold, which in the time of the Saxons were employed, either in enriching or decorating churches. He details the churches which received the greatest amount of fnch gifts and ornaments; and this part of his account, though fomewhat a digreffion from the cathedral of Cornwall, prefents an agreeable and able view of the ftate of religious edifices thoughout England before the Norman conqueft. The Cornifh cathedral was upon the Saxon model, as our author illuftrates, by detailing the architecture of that building, and of the Saxon places of worship. The portal, however, is not Saxon; but an addition made to St. German's Church by the Normans. Mr. Whitaker enquires whether (pires were brought from the East, according to the opinion of many from the crufades; but our author contends there exifted fpires in Normandy before the crufades commenced. He mentions feveral objections that have been made to the St. German's cathedral; and endeavours to prove that they are more imaginary than real. Our author in chapter third, proceeds to the religious edifices that were framed after the Norman conqueft; and contains a great deal of architectural antiquity, that will be very, pleasant to readers who relish fuch refearches. Mr. Whitaker from our churches very naturally proceeds to our bells. These inftruments had been much used among the Saxons, who exercised upon them no fmall portion of mufical skill and dexterity. The impreffion made upon the Normans by thofe performances is very ably exhibited, and annexed to the account mention is made of the chief bells in England. The following are the author's words.

"The Normans of England heard the harmony of our bell-towers; were delighted with its foothing, mellow, melancholy tones, and fo continued it to the present times. Of this we have a remarkable evidence, at the very moment. He caufed two great bells to be made,' fays Ingulphus, a Norman prior of Croyland, just after the conqueft, concerning a Saxon prior, about a century before, which he named Bartholomew and Betteline, and two middle bells, which he called Turketyl and Tatwin; and two lesser bells, which he entitled Pega and Bega: but lord Turketyl, the abbot, had previoufly caused one very great bell to be made, Guthlac by name; which being now united with the bells aforefaid,' as this Norman exclaims, with the foul of a Saxon transfufed into him, ALL FORMED A WONDERFUL PEAL OF HARMONY, nor was there THEN fuch A SET OF TUNEABLE BELLS IN ALL ENGLAND.' And fo thoroughly was the love of bellharmony diffused through the whole kingdom, that John Major, the Scotch hiftorian of the sixteenth century, describes it in terms feemingly raifed beyond the truth by his aftonifliment at it. In St. Edmundíbury, he cries, is reported to be the greatest bell of all England;' though, in England a vaft number of bells of the finest tone, because England abounds with the materials for bells; and, as they are reported to excel all mankind in music,' a compliment to our national genius, very amazing in itself, and peculiarly amazing for the time; yet previously founded by our author, not on mere report, but upon his own opinion; fo likewise do they excel in the

is

soft.

soft and ingenious modulation of their bells. Not a village of forty houfes you fee, without five bells of the sweetest tones; and in every manfion-house of any fize, you will always hear the most agreeable chimes playing every third hour. While I was studying at Cambridge, upon the great feftivals I spent very many nights without sleep, liftening to the melody of the bells. The univerfity ftands upon a river, and the found is the fweeter from the undulation of the water. There are no bells in England thought fuperior to those of Ofeney abbcy, near Oxford. When they want to form a fine tone, with the common materials they mix a quantity of silver. The Walloons and the Flanderkins are faid to observe the fame rule as the English, in their fweettoned bells.' This accout of our own fondness and that of our fathers, for So mufical a difcord, fuch fweet thunder,

as are produced by the fine tones of our church-bells, is truly ftriking to my mind, yet little known to the public at large. This fondnefs now appears to have commenced before the conqueft, to have gone on uninterrupted by it, and at laft to have replenished almost all our church-towers from the cathedral and the conventual down to the parochial, with peals of bells.

"But let me add to this account of our bells in general, by noting the fize of fome of them in particular. At Westminster abbey, fays an author of the fourteenth century, are two bells, which over all the bells in the world obtain the precedence in wonderful size and found.' Yet we know much more diftinctly from a writer of the twelfth, that at the cathedral of Canterbury the prior, Conrad, fixed in the clock-house five exceedingly great bells; of which one required eight men, two others ten each, the fourth eleven, and the fifth even twenty-four, to ring them. We thus feem to mount the climax of fize in bells, and to ftand at the very fummit of it. Yet we do not, as we can mount still higher. A fucceeding prior, in the very fame century, fet up a bell in the clock-house, which demanded no less than two-and-thirty men to ring it. In what exact degree of comparifon to this ftands that great bell at St. Paul's, which announces the death of the bishop or of any of the royal family; or that still greater, I believe, which by the hundred and one ftrokes of its clapper proclaims to the colleges at Oxford the hour of fhutting the gates in the evening; I leave others to determine. Certainly all of a specified fize above continue rifing in a cale of grandeur till they have risen very high; and the laft, I believe, ftands at a height of magnificence, fuperior to either that at St. Paul's, or to this which has the repute of being the largest in England at prefent, the celebrated Tom of Oxford, traditionally known to be a derivative from the adjoining abbey of Ofeney, and therefore uniting once with others there, to form the peal fo highly commended by Major above."

Returning to his text our author proceeds with his furvey of the Cathedral. He now inftitutes an enquiry concerning the historical origin of the crofier and mitre. When the crofier was adopted he confeffes himself uninformed. Of the origin of the mitre he prefents the following very ingenious account.

"Yet ftill a queftion recurs to the inquifitive mind, when and from whence this peculiar kind of crown was felected, as an ornament to the heads of bishops. This question I wish to answer fatisfactorily, because Montfaucon has erred egregiously concerning it, and his authority is likely

to

avers,

to carry a finifter influence upon my readers. The epifcopal mitre,' 'he six or seven centuries ago was only a bonnet or cap with a sharp point,' and not "the mitre of thefe later ages.? This averment, however, is very falfe. In contradiction to it, I need only appeal to the mitre on the walls of our own church. That refutes the affertion directly. That cannot be later than the throne, over which it is carved; and neither of them can be later than the epilcopal dignity, once attached to the church: that therefore cannot be less than fix or feven centuries' old; as I fhall hereafter fhew the dignity to have been taken away, more than seven centuries ago. But we can happily mount to a much earlier period, and Mountfaucon himself fhall aid us in our afcent.

Gemmeus ifte tibi miles et hoftis erit.

"We come now," fays this very extenfively learned writer, to the most curious and fingular reprefentation of the Syrian goddess,' Cybele; this is the infcription, Mater Deor. Mater Syria. The figure is very extraordinary and remarkable in all its parts. She is in a fitting posture, and hath upon her head AN EPISCOPAL MITRE, adorned on the lower part with towers and pinnacles. The goddess wears a fort of surplice, exactly like the surplice of a priest or bishop; and upon the furplice a tunic, which falls down to the legs; and over all an episcopal cope, with the twelve figns of the zodiac wrought on the borders.--This figure, if it be indeed antique, reprefents Nature. What gives us room to suspect is, that we find this figure only in fome drawings of Pirro Ligorio, an ancient Neapolitan painter,' who lived about two centuries ago; and who fays he copied it from an antique of Virginio Urfini, count of Anguillara. This is that Pirro Ligorio, whom that fkilful antiquary Raphael Febretti frequently blames, in his book of Trajan's pillar, but chiefly in his large collection of infciptions. But what increases our suspicion the more is, we observe nothing of this kind in the habits of Cybele, or any other deity. Neverthelels, Bellori, a very fkilful antiquary, hath publifhed it, and without intimating any manner of doubt concerning the truth of this monument.' Bellori, in my opinion, fhewed the judicioufnefs of his mind by this manner of acting. The monument is affuredly genuine. Singularity can never prove fpurioufness : if it fhould, there could not poffibly exift in the world fuch a monument as an unique. Nor can any cenfure from Fabretti upon Ligorio fuffice to make us dilbelieve the latter, when he fays that 'he copied it from an antique;' and efpecially when he adds, that this very antique was in the poffeffion of Virginio Urfini, count of Anguillara.' Even Montfaucon himfelf, however modeft, however timid, who therefore pronounces the monument very doubtful' at the head of his chapter; yet comes at the close, we fee, to reit upon the opinion of Bellori, to praise Bellori's fkill in fuch monuments, and to refer without reprehension to Bellori, for his publication of it without one expreffion of doubt. The grand reafons in Montfaucon's mind for doubting at all, were his full conviction, that the mitre of a bishop only a few centuries ago was different from this, a conviction which I have fhewn to be all erroneous; and a perfuafion equally full, which I can equally prove to be erroneous, that we obferve nothing of this kind,' no mitre particularly, in the habits of Cybele.' The very appellation of mitre is derived from the language, as the very use of a mitre is found in the practice, of the priests or priefteffes of Cybele.

"She and they were all Phrygian together, and wore what they called the

mitra in Phrygian, as the appropriate, exclusive symbol of all; the mitre being originally a bonnet for females in Phrygia, therefore worn by herself, and so worn by her feminine priests after her. This appears from fome lines in Virgil, which Montfaucon has aftonishingly overlooked. There the rough African, Iarbas, thus fneers at Æneas and his Trojans as Phrygians, as the votaries and priefts of the Phrygian Cybele:

Et nunc ille Paris, cum semiviro comitatu,

Mæonia mentum mitra, crinemque madentum,

Submexus.

So exprefsly is the mitre denominated the Mæonian, as the inftituted enfign of Cybele, the daughter of Mæon! So plainly did the enunch priests of Cybele in the days of Virgil at least, and for such a time before as could authorize even a poet to place the fact cotemporary with the Trojan war, move in their miniftries to their goddefs; with mitres placed upon their heads, but tied under their chins, exactly like the mitres of our bishops! Virgil has even applied the sarcasm a second time, and made Turnus like Iarbas to infult over the Trojans in a strain of allufion to the Phrygian priefts of Cybele:

Vobis picta croco et fulgenti murice veftis;

Defidiæ cordi; juvat indulgere choreis,

Et tunica manicas et habent redimicula MITRÆ:
O verè Phrygia, neque enim Phryges, ite per alta
Dindyma, ubi affuetis biforem dat tibia cantum;

Tympana, vox, luxufque vocat Berecynthia matris
Idea.

The Trojans thus appear a fecond time infulted as Phrygians, as therefore the worshippers of the Phrygian goddefs, as confequently having priests emafculated, effeminate, clad in tunics half purple, half faffron in colour, with long fleeves to them, crowned with MITRES that had long strings, and dancing on the mountains of Phrygia, Dindymus, Berecynthus, or Ida, to the united founds of their own voices, of their double flutes, and of their drums."

He attempts to prove that the Saxon bishops had a throne as well as a mitre. Some of the latter sections of the firft volume are taken up in giving an account of Germanus, who in the fifth century, appears to have come from the continent into Britain, to convert the people to Christianity. At this period our author diverges into an account of the herefies that were then prevalent; mentions the names, and tells anecdotes of various bishops. Chapter iv. fection 7. is devoted to an account of the extinction of Druidifm in Cornwall, and section 8. which clofes Vol. I. details various customs that ftill remain, having their origin in druidical superstition.

Volume II. commences with an account of various holy men, who from different quarters came to inftruct the Cornish in religion; and those who are fond of legendary tales about faints, and nuns, and friars, will be much gratified by this part of the narrative. There appears to be an accurate lift of the various Cornish faints with their respective habitations and sphere of influence. Germanus was the complete fubverter of Druidifm, and to him our author appears to impute the

N. LXXXIII. VOL. XXI.

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