no more than 1500 or 1600 copies. The inhabitants are distributed into the following classes-nobility 10,000; clergy 14,000; burgesses 66,000; peasants or agriculturists 2,600,000; militia and civilians 50,000.

DENMARK.

The royal library at Copenhagen contains about 400,000 volumes, and is one of the largest in the world. It was founded by Frederick II, and the building was completed in 1669. It has five divisions; 1. Northern library, contains every thing relating to Danish literature, and much of that of Sweden and Norway. 2. Many typographical curiosities relating to this literature. 3. Very valuable collections of MSS. many of them oriental. 4. Ten or twelve thousand early printed MSS. and books. 5. More than 81,000 engravings. The University library has more than 100,000 volumes, and many valuable MSS. Its oriental books are of great worth. The Clasen library has 30,000 volumes, and is very rich in physics, mathematics, &c.

The 14 towns in the duchy of Holstein, with a population of 375, 000, have 10 weekly papers. The University of Kiel has now 300 students.

The translation of the Old Testament into the Greenland language is going on under the direction of the Danish Bible Society.

GERMANY.

Died on the 31st of August, 1834, the distinguished astronomer, Harding, discoverer of the planet Juno. He was descended from an English family, and was born in 1764 at Lauenenburg. He was tutor to the son of the astronomer Schröter. In 1805, he became professor of astronomy in the University of Göttingen. He made accurate maps of those parts of the heavens, where the planets appear, and thus discovered Juno in 1804. He died of grief on account of the loss of his daughter, an only child of 14 years.

Bopp's Comparative Grammar. In the 1st volume p. 407 of the Biblical Repository, is a notice respecting the Zend-avesta, its antiquity, and authority, and the general merits of the translation by Anquetil du Perron. In the last No. of the third volume, p. 707, is a

translation of Burnouf's Discourse on the Study of the Sanscrit language and literature. In Vol. IV. p. 606, are some further notices of the Zend and Sanscrit languages, in which there is an allusion to Bopp's Grammar, published about a year since. Some further notices in regard to the Grammar are here subjoined. The following is the title, "Vergleichende Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Litthanischen, Gothischen, und Deutschen, von Franz Bopp, 1st Fasciculus, in XXIII. and 288 pp. small quarto. Berlin 1833." "It is my intention," says Prof. Bopp, in his preface, "in the present work, to attempt a complete discussion of the organism of the languages enumerated in the title page, to investigate their physical and mechanical laws, and the origin of those forms which express grammatical relations. The mystery of the roots only (or the reason why particular primary notions were expressed by such and such combination of sounds) we leave untouched; we do not inquire why, for instance, the root i signifies to go, and not to stand; or why sta or stha means to stand, and not to go. But excepting this, we shall try to follow language, as it were, in its growth, and in the process of its developement, so conducting our inquiries, that those who are averse to explanations of things considered by them inexplicable, will, perhaps, find less here to offend them than they would expect in a book written with the views just stated." The part published has three divisions; 1st. pp. 1-104, on the system of writing and of sounds. The author first discusses the sounds expressed by the Sanscrit alphabet, then the Zend, then the Gothic. He then reverts to the Sanscrit, in order to point out such phonetic laws observable in the transmutation of its letters, as could not be noticed in the analysis of its alphabet. To the consideration of the alphabets of the other languages here inquired into, no separate section is given, but they are elucidated by occasional reference. The 2d division, pp. 105-132, contains general remarks on the common character of the roots in the languages compared. The 3d division, pp. 133-288, is on the declensions, or on the crude stems, and the formation of the numbers and cases of nouns. The following are from the examples given by Prof. B. of the forms assumed by each case in words of various terminations. The case is the Nom. singular. The orthography of the Sanscrit and Zend is slightly altered to suit the English pronunciation.

Bopp was born in 1791, at Mentz, went to Paris in the autumn of 1812, where he studied the oriental languages, assisted by De Sacy, Von Chezy, and A. W. von Schlegel. He lived five years in Paris, then in London, then in Göttingen. He was subsequently made professor of the Oriental languages in Berlin.

The Rev. Dr. Steinkopff, one of the secretaries of the British and Foreign Bible Society, lately writing from Halle, says, "Dr. Tholuck stated to me, as a remarkable fact, that formerly it was an unusual thing for the students of theology to have in their possession, much more to peruse, the German Scriptures for their edification; but that now nearly all the young men, studying under him for the sacred ministry, had supplied themselves with German Bibles for the above purpose; with nearly a hundred of them he stood in the relation, not merely of a professor of divinity, but of a spiritual counsellor."

AUSTRIA.

The course of study in the universities is divided into two series, the first, called the philosophical course, lasts two years. The second, embracing the subjects of divinity, law, and medicine, occupies four years. In both courses, four hours' lecturing in a day is given. The following is the proportion of professors to the students in each university.

Vienna has the largest number of students-4600-owing to the fact that about one in 19 receives gratuitous aid. The students at Prague are 2300; at Innspruck 700. There are 230 gymnasia in Austria: 201 for Roman Catholics; 2 for the Greek Church; 15 for Lutherans; 10 Reformed Lutherans; 1 for Unitarians and others. Protestants and Jews may be admitted into the Catholic Seminaries, without being compelled to attend on religious studies.

ITALY.

The following was the condition of the higher Seminaries in Italy in January 1834.

The

1. Sardinian States. Turin has a population of 3,250,000. university has 5 faculties; theology with 4 professors; law with 5; medicine 6; surgery 5; arts 22. The library amounts to 112,000 printed volumes, and a rich collection of MSS, opened to the public every day. It has a museum of antiquities, another of Egyptian antiquities, a third of natural history, &c. and a botanical garden. Students 1200. Among the professors are Plana of Astronomy, Peyron Orientalist, Boucheron Latin and Greek Eloquence, Giobert Chemistry applied to the Arts. In Turin, there are 27 royal colleges, 54 communal colleges, 222 schools for secondary instruction. The Genoese territories have a population of 500,000. The university of Genoa has 4 faculties--theol. 5 professors; law 6; medicine 10; philosophy and arts 13. The professors best known are Mojon of Chemistry, Badono of Mechanics, Spotorno of Latin, &c. Books 45,000. Among the secondary schools are 10 colleges, 7 law schools, 4 naval, 69 convents. Every little town or village has a communal school. Sardinia, with a population of 510,000, has 2 universities, viz. Cogliari, 5 faculties, 23 professors, 502 students, 15,000 books; and Sassari, with 5 faculties, 17 professors, 230 students, 5000 books. The grammar schools have 6 or 7000 students. Every village is required to have a primary school.

2. Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. The universities, mentioned under Austria are Pavia and Padua. The former is distinguished for the excellence of its medical instruction. The library has 50,000 volumes. Among the professors are Lanfranchi, Brugnatelli, Configliacchi, Bordoni, Borgnis, Beretta; Scarpa lately died. The annual expenses are £18,000. The professors have a salary, varying from £120 to £240. The small college Ghislieri has 69 students, and Borromeo 38. The expenses of the students are about 5s. a day. The university of Padua has 1200 students, and 50,000 books. There are 12 lycea in the Kingdom. A complete system of secondary and primary instruction has been introduced. The 9 provinces, with a population of 2,381,000, divided into 2,232 communes, have 2336 boys' schools, 1199 girls' schools, 2669 male and 1215 female teachers, 112,127 male, and 54,640 female scholars. There is besides a large number of children receiving gratuitous and elementary education. Sunday schools are rapidly increasing.

3. Papal State. Population 2,700,000. The most distinguished professors of the college, La Sapienza at Rome, are Manni, De Matteis, and Tagliabo of various departments of medicine, Morrichini of Chemistry, Metaxa of Zoology, Villani of Law, and Nibbi of Archae

ology. The students are 1000. The professors in the university of Bologna are Venturoli and Silvani of Civil Law, Santagata of chemistry, Medici, Ranzani, Bertoloni, etc. Bologna has two scientific journals, "the Opuscoli Scientifici e Letteraj" and "Annali di Storia Naturalee." The students are 500 or 600; 80,000 books, 4000 MSS. The university of Perugia, founded in 1307, has 200 students and 30,000 volumes. Ferrara has 300 students, and 30,000 volumes. Macerata, Urbino and Camerino have 200 students each; thus making at the 7 universities in the Papal State about 2,600 students. There are several colleges at Rome. No general system of elementary education has been introduced.

4. The Kingdom of the two Sicilies. The university of Naples has 1500 students, Palermo 600, Catania 500; 12 royal colleges and 33 secondary schools on the continent, and 21 colleges in Sicily.

5. Tuscany. Tuscany, including Elba, has a population of 1,300, 000. The university of Siena has 200 medical and 100 legal students. The professors 23, receive a salary of 600 crowns each per annum, besides fees. The university of Pisa has 29 professors, and 800 students. Every city and considerable town has its academy of science and literature. Every commune has a school or schools for elementary instruction.

6. Parma and Piacenza. 450,000 population. The university of Parma was suppressed in 1831. A school at Parma has 400 students and 90,000 books. One at Piacenza has 13 professors and 200 students. There are besides, in both governments, 189 schools for boys, and 184 for girls.

7. Modena and Massa. Population 350,000. Modena, instead of the university lately suppressed, has 4 schools of Law, 1 of Medicine, and 14 other schools.

8. Lucca, 15,000 inhabitants, has a lyceum of 28 professors and 180 students, a college of 60 boarders, 16 Latin schools for boys, and several for girls.

NUBIA.

The Rev. J. R. T. Lieder of the Church Missionary Society, who has travelled extensively in Nubia, says that there is not the least similarity between the languages of the Berbers of North Africa and that of the Berberi in Nubia. Mr. L. thinks that the latter are falsely called Berberi by the Egyptians and Europeans. That name he supposes, has the same origin as the Greek Págßago. It is regarded among themselves as a nickname. In Korosco, Mr. L. met five of the reputed Berberi, including the son of their Emir, Hadji Achmed, who