301. paucis: a few'; the word is strongly emphatic. 302. nec... metuas: on the use of nec for ne, see § 77. 303. derit: like derat and desset, always dissyllabic in Juvenal; cf. 2, 168; 4, 72; 7, 69; 9, 112, 130; 16, 18. subitus cf. 4, 133. : 304. tabernae: the whole front of a shop in Rome, as in Pompeii, was usually open in day time and closed by heavy shutters at night. When these and the houses are shut up, the streets are dark and lonely. 305. ferro... grassator agit : cf. 14, 174. 306. custode: on the absence of preposition, see § 93; see also § 49, a. 307. Pomptina: the Pontine Marsh, covering more than two hundred square miles in southern Latium, was intersected by a canal (Hor. Sat. 1, 5) but not drained. Gallinaria: a forest on the coast of Campania, extending northward from Cumae to the river Vulturnus. Naturally both of these places were infested with robbers. vivaria in 4, 51 308. sic... tamquam: 'just as if'; so 6, 431. private preserve,' but here transferred in a very natural way. where men of this class are fattened. Rome is 309. non with both clauses; nec is more often thus omitted. 311. vomer: connected with marrae and sarcula also in 15, 166 f. 314. uno... carcere: the so called carcer Mamertinus, built by Ancus Martius inminens foro (Liv. 1, 33, 8), in which the accomplices of Catilina were executed and Jugurtha met his awful end. It is likely that in Juvenal's time the barracks in different parts of the city had accommodations for civil as well as for military prisoners: cf. 6, 561.1 315-322. "But it is time to go. So good-bye: and whenever you seek rest at Aquinum, I will visit you and hear your satires." 315. poteram: 'could' (but do not); see G.-L. § 254, r. 2; Lane, § 1497. causas: i.e. for departure. 317. mulio: a dactyl here as in 8, 148; see § 157. 318. adnuit: as a hint that time is passing; cf. 8, 153 virga prior annuet, which refers to a driver's salute. 319. tuo... Aquino: Juvenal's native town on the via Latina in the S. E. of Latium; see § 12. On the worship of Ceres there, see § 7. 320. Helvinam: a member of the gens Helvia may have built this temple.' Dianam mentioned in connection with Ceres also in C.I.L. III, 7260. She must have been worshiped at Aquinum. 1 See Pauly-Wiss., III, 1579, 1581 f. 2 See C.I.L. x, 5382; ib. index, p. 1039. 3 Cf. C.I. Gr. 1449. 321. ni pudet illas: sc. tam rustici auditoris. 322. auditor: cf. I, 1.1 caligatus: 'with my heavy boots on,' as part of the rough costume suitable for the country.a SATIRE IV THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL It is difficult to believe that the parts of which this satire is composed were originally intended by the author to form one harmonious whole; for harmonious in any strict sense they certainly are not. The first part (11. 1-27), which looks like a portion of a satire levelled at the upstart Egyptian, and the last part (11. 37-154), which describes the assembly and proceedings of the imperial council, are joined in the loosest fashion by lines 28-36. But whatever may have been the original intention, we are not justified in assuming that any other hand than that of the author arranged the satire as it stands. For similar lack of harmony in structure, see Satires 1, 7, and 11. Whether Domitian really did summon his advisers to plan for the disposal of a fish may be doubted, notwithstanding Juvenal's assertion (1. 35 res vera agitur), though it is not inherently improbable. It seems more likely that the present satire is a burlesque account of some meeting held at Domitian's Alban villa, such as that which took place before the war with the Chatti, 83 A.D. (cf. 1. 147), a meeting described, of course in serious vein, by Statius in his De Bello Germanico, of which the scholiast (Valla) on 1. 94 quotes the following verses: lumina Nestorei mitis prudentia Crispi et Fabius Veiento-potentem signat utrumque et prope Caesareae confinis Acilius aulae.5 1 Auditor, which was probably the reading of P, though given up by Buech. (1893), has since been defended by Polstorff (1896) and Duff (1898), and is now read by Owen (1902). It is certainly not lectio difficilior, but makes far better sense than adiutor (pw); for, as Polstorff remarks, non adiutorem optant poetae, sed auditorem. 2 There is here no reference to the soldier's boot (note on 1. 248), for caligae were worn also by countrymen and even by women; cf. Edict. Dioclet. IX, 5a, 6, 10 with Blümner's note (p. 126) and see W. v. Christ, 1. 1. p. 142. 3 For a different view, see A. Gercke, Gött. gel. Anz., 1896, pp. 981 ff. 4 On July 22d, 82 A.D., Domitian held a meeting adhibitis utriusque ordinis splendidis viris (C.I.L. IX, 5420). Fabricius Veiento (note on 1. 113) is called Fabius, doubtless to mark him as a man of caution and forethought like Fabius Cunctator, the great opponent of Hannibal. See F. Buecheler, Rhein. Mus.. XXXIX, 1884, pp. 283 f. and S. Gsell, Essai sur le règne de l'empereur Domitien, 1893, p. 61, note 6. 1-27. Crispinus is again the subject of my satire and must often be, because of his unspeakable crimes. At present, however, I speak of something less serious. He bought a mullet at an outrageous price and for his own use. For the same sum the upstart might have bought a farm. 1. Crispinus: see § 19 and note on 1. 108. The former attack is not preserved, for it can scarcely be the mere mention in 1, 26 f. See § 11.1 2. ad partes: a metaphor from the stage; see § 127. virtute redemptum: Sen. Nat. Quaest. I, 17, 4 redimendum esse virtutibus quicquid corpori deesset. 3. solaque libidine fortes: 6 A, 25 (p. 41) hic erit in lecto fortissimus ; cf. Shakespeare, Coriolanus, III, I 'Their mutinies and revolts, wherein they showed Most valor, spoke not for them.' 4. deliciae: 'a ladies' man'; cf. 6, 47; see § 129, a and note on 10, 291. viduas: unmarried women.' To Crispinus none but forbidden and carefully guarded fruits are sweet; cf. Aesch. Suppl. 1009 Tépeiv' ὀπώρα δ' εὐφύλακτος οὐδαμῶς. spernatur : i.e. aspernatur; see § 44. 6. porticibus: covered colonnades in which the rich might take the air without exposure to the weather; cf. 7, 178 ff. 7. vicina foro: naturally the most expensive real estate in Rome. 9. incestus: Isid. Orig. v, 26, 24 qui enim talibus (i.e. the Vestals) commiscentur, incesti, id est incasti habentur. cum quo: quocum (not in Juvenal); cf. 1. 87; 10, 235; 13, 155. vittata: the vittae were the badge of the sacred office; cf. Ovid, Fast. vi, 457 f. nullaque dicetur vittas temerasse sacerdos hoc duce, nec viva defodietur humo. 10. terram subitura: the Vestal Cornelia was buried alive for unchastity by Domitian in 91 A.D. But Juvenal does not refer to this; he seems merely to be retailing town gossip. The participle indicates no more than the natural consequence of the act if it were proved; see § 118, d. 11. levioribus: explained by 1. 15. For the ellipsis, see § 138, b. 12. fecisset: the technical term 'Guilty' was feci, as in 6, 638; cf. 6, 456 and 14, 185. caderet: 'would stand convicted,' also technical; iu cf. 10, 69 cecidit sub crimine. For the tense, see § 72, a (2). dice morum: Domitian's perpetual censorship, which is much praised by Martial and Statius and referred to by Juvenal (2, 30, 63, 121), was begun late in the year 85.3 13. Titio Seioque: typical names for ordinary people; see note on 8, 1 Cf. Buecheler, Carm. Epig. 1552, B, 3 Ecce Secundus adest iterum. 2 Stat. Silv. I, 1, 36; Gsell, 1. 1. pp. 80 ff. 3 In a military diploma of the year 86 he is called censor perpetuus, a title which no other emperor assumed; see Gsell, 1. 1. p. 54, note 6, and Ruggiero, II, p. 161. 95. In the jurists they are often so used, e.g. Gaius, 1, 149 Lucium Titium liberis meis tutorem do lego. turpe... decebat: cf. 8, 182. omni: i.e. ullo; see § 59, a. 14. quid agas: cf. 3, 291. 15. persona: see note on 3, 175, where the word has its classical meaning. sex milibus: i.e. sesterces, or nearly $260. This fish (cf. 5, 92; 6, 40; 11, 37) as a rule weighed no more than two pounds (Plin. N. H. IX, 64) and sometimes brought an enormous price; cf. Suet. Tib. 34 tresque mullos triginta milibus nummum venisse (had been sold) graviter conquestus. Cf. Diphilus, fr. 33 (Kock) γόγγρον μέν, ὥσπερ ὁ Πρίαμος τὸν Εκτορα, ὅσον εἵλκυσεν, τοσοῦτο καταθεὶς ἐπριάμην. 18. artificis: i.e. in the art of legacy-hunting; see note on 3, 129. 19. praecipuam...ceram: see note on 1, 63. Usually prima cera is the first page, where the chief heir is named; cf. Hor. Sat. 11, 5, 53 f. 20. ratio ulterior: a further motive.' magnae: see note on 1, 33. 21. cluso see note on 3, 242. specularibus: the use of glass was known before Juvenal's time, as remains at Pompeii show, but was not very common. The usual substitute was lapis specularis (mica), which is probably meant here.' antro: a large cool lectica (note on 1, 120); cf. Claud. Nupt. Honor. 151 f. hoc navigat antro fulta Venus. 23. miser et frugi: in comparison with Crispinus. Apicius: M. Gavius Apicius, whom Pliny (N. H. x, 133) calls nepotum omnium altissimus gurges, was a man of great wealth and greater prodigality in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. His name became proverbial for a gourmand; cf. 11, 3 and Sen. Ep. 120, 19 (quoted in note on 1, 24). Juvenal probably refers to the competition of Apicius and P. Octavius in bidding for a mullet. Octavius secured it for 5000 sesterces (Sen. Ep. 95, 42). 24. succinctus: cf. 8, 162. patria... papyro: this plant, from whose stalk was made the usual writing material in antiquity, grew most extensively in Egypt, the birthplace of Crispinus (1, 26; § 19). Cf. Plin. N. H. XIII, 72 texunt e libro (sc. papyri) vela tegetesque nec non et vestem. 25. squamae: sc. emptae sunt; see § 138, b.2 27. sed not adversative; see § 76. Apulia was largely given up to pasturage, so that land was especially cheap; cf. 9, 54 f.; Petron. 77. It was very sparsely settled; cf. Cic. Att. VIII, 3, 4 inanissima pars Italiae and Sen. Ep. 87, 7 in desertis Apuliae. 1 H. Blümner, Gewerbe u. Künste, iv, p. 402. 2 The old reading squamam (schol.) is now advocated by W. v. Christ, 1. 1. p. 150. 3 To explain maiores a definite measure may be inferred from what precedes, for libra (1. 15) was not only a weight but also a unit of land measurement: see Hultsch, Metrol., p. 692. W. v. Christ (1. 1. pp. 143 f.), therefore, interprets: Crispinus bought a mullet of six librae (pounds) for 6000 sesterces; in the provinces you can buy farms at that rate, 28-36. If the extravagance of the ignoble favorite is so outrageous, what must be that of the emperor himself. Come, Muses, you must tell the story. 28. putamus: for the mood, see §71, a. 29. induperatorem: archaic for imperatorem; see § 42. The early forms endo and indu were replaced by the classical in, leaving few traces behind; cf. indigeo, indigena, indoles, ěvôolev. scurra : 30. de margine: the mullet was a mere side-dish, not the caput cenae. 31. purpureus: in 1, 27 Crispinus wears Tyrias lacernas. originally ‘a dandy,' but early transferred to mean a clown,' a buffoon'; here, of course, not to be taken literally. Palati: see $38. 32. princeps equitum: not strictly an official title, but probably equivalent to praefectus praetorio. If so, Crispinus and Cornelius Fuscus were colleagues in that office under Domitian,' and they are the only two who were not senators in the council described below. See note on 1, 27. 33. municipes: eiusdem municipii, unde ipse, Aegyptios (schol.); cf. 14, 271; Mart. x, 87, 10; see § 47, b. fracta de merce: i.e. Crispinus used to sell spoiled fish, either as auctioneer (praeco) 2 or as a common street hawker." siluros: 14, 132; Plin. N. H. 1x, 44 (fit) silurus in Nilo. 34. Calliope: the invocation of the Muse of epic poetry and the mockheroic tone produce the effect of a burlesque; cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 53. considere: the standing posture was usual for the reciting poet, but in this case the permission to be seated may apply to the listener as well as to the Muse; cf. Verg. Ecl. 5, 3 ff. and Theoc. 1, 12 f. and 21 f.* 35. cantandum: poetry is contrasted with history. 36. puellas: youth is emphasized, for puella means young matron as well as maid; cf. 6, 191 ; Ovid, Her. 1, 115 (Penelope). 37-75. In the days of Domitian a huge turbot was caught in the Adriatic. The fisherman hastens to the Alban villa and with flattering words offers his gift to the emperor. But there was no dish large enough for the monster; therefore, the imperial council was at once convoked. six librae (i.e. iugera) for 6000 sesterces, and in Apulia more than six librae for the same money.' The fact that land in Attica was worth about the price thus assigned to farms in Juvenal's provincia (Boeckh, Staatshaushaltung d. Athener, 1, p. 89) lends support to this suggestion. The question, however, is whether Juvenal did not mean simply that land was cheaper in Apulia than elsewhere. 1 Borghesi, Euvres, v, pp. 514 ff; x, pp. 28 ff. 2 Buecheler, Rhein. Mus., xxxv, 1880, p. 392. 3 Municipes forbids the thought of Crispinus' former life in Egypt. • W. v. Christ, 1. 1. pp. 127 f. |