in the unsuccessful endeavour to manufacture steel from Cleveland ore by the Siemens-Martin process. In this he fared no better than others who had tried to obtain steel from the Cleveland ore, but his attempt, notwithstanding its failure, proved instructive to a degree, and of at least negative value to the iron-masters of the country.

During his long and busy career, Sir Bernhard Samuelson took an active and prominent part in public affairs. His parliamentary career began in 1859, when he was elected for Banbury in the Liberal interest. In 1865 he was again returned for the same borough, which he continued to represent in Parliament until 1885, when, by the Redistribution Act of that year, it was merged in North Oxfordshire, for which division he was returned by a large majority and twice re-elected. On his retirement from Parliament in 1895, he was made a member of the Privy Council.

Sir Bernhard was a great advocate of technical education, and devoted his highest abilities to the advancement of the movement in this country. In 1867, at the request of the Government, he visited the principal industrial centres of the United Kingdom and the Continent, and his report, published as a parliamentary paper, became a standard work of reference on the subject. He served on the Royal Commissions appointed to deal with Elementary Education and Scientific Instruction respectively; and was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction, 1882-1884.

For his many public services, especially in connection with education, he received a baronetcy in 1884. He served on the magisterial bench for Oxfordshire, and was a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and of the Iron and Steel Institute, of which latter body he was one of the founders, serving subsequently on the Council, and as President in 1883-1885. To the local institutions of Middlesbrough and Banbury he extended constant and generous support, and as an employer he was considerately attentive to the needs and interests of his work people. Sir Bernhard married in 1844, Caroline, daughter of Mr. Henry Blundell, of Hull. This lady died in 1886 and in 1889 he married Lelia, daughter of Chevalier Leon Serena and widow of Mr. W. Denny, of Dumbarton. His son, Mr. Henry

Bernhard Samuelson, succeeds him in the baronetcy.
He was elected a Member of this Institution on the 4th May,

1869.

BEAUCHAMP TOWER, son of Robert Beauchamp Tower, rector of Morton, Essex, was born on the 13th January, 1845, and was educated at Uppingham School under Dr. Thring. He received his early training at the Armstrong Works, Elswick, and after some years at the Tyne Iron Works, engaged on the design of iron steamers, he became an assistant to the late Mr. William Froude, at the Admiralty Experimental Works, Torquay, for which he designed some of the apparatus. In 1874 and the following year, he carried out a series of experiments on torpedoes for Messrs. Armstrong and Company, and assisted Lord Rayleigh in connection with his investigation of the theory of sound. In 1877 he returned to Mr. Froude, by whom he was employed in the design of a turbine dynamometer for marine engines, and later he accompanied that gentleman on a voyage to the Cape, where Mr. Froude died.

Returning to England in 1878, Mr. Tower engaged in practice on his own account, and invented or perfected several ingenious devices, including his well-known "spherical" engine and a speed-indicator for ships. At this time, also, he began his principal work, the gyroscopic" steady platform" for guns and searchlights, an invention on which he rested great hopes, devoting considerable time and trouble to the perfection of the mechanism. The device was sub

mitted to the Admiralty, and after being thoroughly tested, was fitted to two gunboats, on which it answered very well; but ultimately the Admiralty rejected the apparatus on account of the extra weight involved, which it was thought might be more profitably utilized. Much discouraged, Mr. Tower nevertheless proceeded to adapt the platform for passenger-seats on cross-channel steamers, and he was engaged on this work at the time of his death, which occurred suddenly from cerebral hæmorrhage, at his residence, Hillstead, Brentwood, Essex, on the 31st December, 1904.

Mr. Tower was a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and of the Institution of Naval Architects, and made valuable contributions to the Proceedings of both those bodies.

He was elected a Member of this Institution on the 6th May,

1884.

CHARLES FITZWILLIAM WHITE, born in 1829, served his pupilage to the late Mr. T. E. Harrison, Past-President. In 1853 he obtained an appointment on the East Indian Railway, and was subsequently placed in charge of the first section of the line, the construction of locomotive shops at Howrah, and the doubling works, including bridges, between Howrah and

Raniganj. Returning to England in 1862, he was next appointed to superintend a contract on the South Eastern Railway of Portugal, on the completion of which, in 1870, he rejoined Mr. Harrison on the North Eastern Railway, where he was engaged on the Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough line, and afterwards in the construction of a section of the Alnwick and Cornhill branch. The latter work completed, Mr. White retired from the active pursuit of his profession. Some time after, his health began to fail, and for several years prior to his death he suffered from cardiac disease, to which he succumbed on the 4th July, 1905, at the age of 76.

Mr. White was elected a Member of the Institution on the 6th May, 1862.

SAMUEL BARTON NEWTON, born at Liverpool on the 18th June, 1831, obtained his preliminary training under Messrs. Jones and Potts, at, the Viaduct Foundry, Newton-le-Willows, and, adopting the railway branch of the profession, served successively on the Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the London and NorthWestern railways in this country, and for a period of 3 years on the Madras Railway in India. After practising for a time on his own account in Madras, he was engaged for 2 years on the construction of the Great Southern of India Railway, and subsequently joined the staff of Mr. W. T. Faviell, contractor for railways in Ceylon, by whom he was employed on the works of various lines then under construction in that country. In 1868 Mr. Newton received an appointment on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway, and in the following year he was placed in charge of the Ganges Bridge works at Cawnpore. Up to that date few such works had been carried out in India, and great and unexpected difficulties were encountered in the course of construction, the abnormal floods of 1870 causing much damage to the works; but Mr. Newton's untiring zeal and resource surmounted every obstacle, and the bridge, over 3,000 feet in length and costing about £150,000, was successfully completed and opened to traffic on the 15th July, 1875. Mr. Newton remained in the Company's service, in charge of a section of the line, until 1887, when he retired to his estate Bhowalie, near Naini Tâl in the Himalayas, where, 17 years later, he died of enteric fever on the 3rd October, 1904, in his seventy-fourth year.

He was elected an Associate Member of the Institution on the 5th May, 1868.

ARTHUR OUGHTERSON was born at Brussels on the 9th March, 1865, where his father Mr. George Blake Oughterson was at the time engaged as Engineer on one of the Belgian Railways. The subject of this notice was educated first at the Lycée Imperial, Rouen, and afterwards at a private school at Ealing. From 1881 to 1883, he studied at University College, London, and subsequently served a pupilage of 3 years to the late Mr. Peter Brotherhood. In 1886 he obtained an appointment as Assistant Engineer to Messrs. Odero, of Genoa, where he had sole charge of the machinery department, chiefly producing auxiliary machinery for torpedo-boats.

He returned to England in 1890 to take up the position of Engineer to Messrs. Rosing Brothers and Company, and Manager of their coffee-mills, resigning in 1893, when he was employed first by Messrs. W. T. Glover and Company, and later by the Perflex Tube Company, with whom he remained until 1899. After subsequently completing short engagements with the Thames Valley Motor Company, and the Orleans Motor-Car Company, he entered the service of Messrs. Sherard Cowper-Coles and Company in 1901, as Manager of their Chelsea Works, in which capacity he carried out all their electro-metallurgical experiments on a practical scale. In 1903, he was appointed to design and superintend the erection of a similar plant in Belgium, and was engaged on a further series of experiments there at the time of his death, which took place suddenly at Brussels on the 19th April 1905, in his forty-first year.

Mr. Oughterson was elected an Associate Member of the Institution on the 2nd December, 1890.

GERARD PHILIP TORRENS, the youngest son of Mr. Henry Whitelock Torrens of the Bengal Civil Service, was born on the 10th April, 1852, and received his early education in France. From 1869 to 1872, he served a pupilage to Mr. C. F. de K. Steuart, at the same time pursuing his studies in King's College, London, and eventually passing third in the examination for admission to Coopers Hill, with a view to enter the Indian Civil Service. To his great disappointment, after qualifying so well in other respects, he was declared to be physically unfit for service in India.

From 1872 to 1875, Mr. Torrens was employed on railway construction work in Sweden, and on the East Argentine and

Bolivar Railways in South America, returning to England in 1876. Three years later he proceeded to Spain as Engineer and Manager of the Carthagena and Herrerias Steam Tramways, an undertaking of which he eventually became Managing Director in London.

After having resided in Spain for some 7 years, Mr. Torrens retired from the active pursuit of his profession, but continued to take the deepest interest in Spanish affairs, and particularly in the development of public works in that country. He was for many years an active director of the Barcelona Tramways, urging its electrification at a period when such installations were still looked upon with doubt. He also served on the Boards of the Great Southern of Spain and the Zafra and Huelva Railway Companies, and as Chairman of the former company for many years, he conducted the affairs of that undertaking with ability and success through the many difficulties which it encountered.

Mr. Torrens acted for several years as Chairman of the Conde d'Eu Railway before that enterprise was taken over by the Brazilian Government, and at the time of his death he was also a Director of the Shelton Bar and Iron Company and of the United Railways of Havana. He died on the 26th May, 1905, aged 53.

Mr. Torrens was elected an Associate of the Institution on the 5th February, 1878, and was subsequently placed in the class of Associate Members.

JOHN TUNSTALL, born in 1838, commenced his professional career as a pupil of Mr. Joseph Witty, Surveyor, of City Road, London. In 1856 he joined the engineering staff of the Great Northern Railway under the late Mr. Walter Marr Brydone, then Engineer-in-Chief, and remained in the Company's service under Mr. Brydone and his successors, Mr. Richard Johnson and Mr. Alexander Ross, until his death, at 141 Lordship Road, Stoke Newington, on the 6th March, 1905, a period of nearly 50 years. During the greater part of this time, as chief of one of the offices, he superintended the preparation of the parliamentary and other plans; and in addition to surveying and parliamentary work, he from time to time prepared designs for bridges, and was entrusted by Mr. Johnson with the design and execution of the goods warehouses at Farringdon Road and at Bread Street. In private life, Mr. Tunstall was known as an accomplished musician and organist.