the principal idea, is always placed after those words which express only accessory ideas; 2. that the expression which is, so to say, the key of the sentence, and without which the sense could not be well understood, is always placed at the end of the sentence.

PARTICULAR RULES.

1. The adjective is always placed before its substantive, and preceded by all those words which depend on it. Ex.:

Ein gegen Jedermann höflicher A man, polite to everybody.

Mensch.

Die Ihnen vorgestern zugeschickten The goods sent to you the day Waaren. before yesterday.*

2. The Dative generally precedes the Accusative, except when both are personal pronouns, in which case the English construction is used. Ex.:

Geben Sie dem Herrn einen Stuhl. Ich habe Ihrem Bruder ein Buch geliehen.

Ich schenke sie Ihnen.

Man sagte es uns.

Er schrieb es mir.

But:

Give a chair to the gentleman.
I have lent a book to your bro-
ther.

I give them to you.
They told us so.

He wrote it to me.

If one of the cases is a pronoun, it is placed before

the noun. Ex.:

Ich kann es meinem Freunde nicht I cannot refuse it to my friend. abschlagen.

Ich leihe dir meine Feder.

I lend thee my pen.

3. The Nominative case is placed after the verb, or after the auxiliary, when there is a compound tense, whenever the sentence begins with any other word than the Nominative. Ex.:

Morgen komme ich nicht.

Dort haben wir lange gewohnt.

Reich ist er nicht, aber ehrlich.
Für meine Freunde habe ich viele
Gefälligkeit.

Die Faulen kann ich nicht aus:
stehen.
Den Mädchen steht die Sittsam:
feit an.

To-morrow I shall not come.
We have lived there for a long
time.

He is not rich, but honest.
For my friends I have much

courteousness.

I cannot bear idle folks..

Modesty is becoming to girls.

There are, however, some conjunctions which do not cause the transposition of the Nominative, such as und, denn, aber, allein, da, and in general all those words which cause the verb to be placed at the end of the sentence. (§ 90.)

4. The Nominative is also placed after its verb, in a sentence which serves as complement to the one preceding it. Ex.:

Wenn er kommt, gehe ich fort. Wenn Sie es befehlen, so muß er es thun.

Je mehr ich trinke, desto durstiger bin ich.

Wenn die Einen gewinnen, so verlieren die Andern.

When he comes, I go away.
If you command, he must do it.

The more I drink, the more
thirsty I am.

When one party gains, the others

lose.

5. The Nominative is placed after its verb, when the conditional particle wenn is suppressed. Ex.:

Arbeitet ihr nicht, so bekommt ihr auch kein Geld.

Bist du nicht fleißig, so machst du keine Fortschritte.

If you do not work, you do not

get any money.

If thou art not diligent, thou wilt make no progress.

6. Interrogative sentences are formed without the help of any auxiliary verb, by merely placing the verb before

its Nominative. Ex.:

Gehen Sie heute aus?
Billigen Sie es nicht?
Kommt der Mann nicht wieder?

Do you go out to-day?
Do you not approve of it?

Does the man not come back
again?

likewise formed without the

Negative sentences are help of auxiliary verbs. Ex.:

7. The Nominative is placed not only after the verb, but also after the adverb and other words depending on the verb, if the sentence begins with the neuter personal pronoun es. Ex.:

Es kam gestern Jemand.
Es ereignet sich nicht alle Tage eine
solche Gelegenheit.

87. The Germans place

Somebody came yesterday.
Such an opportunity does not
happen every day.
certain words at the end

of the sentence, which are its key, and without which the sense would not be understood. These words are:

1. The attribute of the subject.

2. The adverb referring to the verb of the subject. 3. The preposition with its regimen or in its place the relative particles daran, darum, &c.

4. The prepositions and separable particles with which the verbs are compounded.

5. The Past Participle and the Infinitive.

6. Lastly the verb of the subject.

1) When the sentence begins with one of the conjunc. tions wenn, if; weil, because; obschon, although; daß, that; damit, in order that; bevor, ehe, before; als, da, when; während, while; nachdem, after; bis, until; 2) when the sentence begins with a relative pronoun; and 3) when it begins with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, provided that the interrogation be indirect.

Examples.

1. Ich bin meinen Freunden ge- I am true to my friends. treu.

Seid gegen Jedermann höf

lich.

2. Diese Frau liebt ihre Kinder nicht.

Der Kranke befindet sich besser. Sie singt dieses Lied schön. 3. Wir sprechen von unsern Geschäften.

Was machen Sie damit?

Wollen Sie davon?

Be polite to every one.

This woman does not love her children.

The patient is better.

She sings this song beautifully.
We speak of our affairs.

What are you doing with it?
Do you wish some of it?

Ich bekümmere mich nicht da: I do not trouble myself about it.

rum.

4. Machet die Thüre zu.

Schreiben Sie diese Briefe ab. Ich stehe alle Morgen früh auf. 5. Ich habe heute noch nichts gegeffen.

Er hatte mich um Erlaubniß
gefragt.

Ich habe die Ehre, mich Ihnen
zu empfehlen.

6. Wenn ich Bücher und Freunde
hätte.

Ich weiß nicht, ob er glücklich
ist.

Als ich ihn zum ersten Male
sah.

Shut the door.
Copy these letters.

I get up early every morning.
I have not yet eaten anything
to-day.

He had asked my permission.

I have the honor to wish you good morning.

If I had books and friends.

I do not know if he is happy.

When I saw him for the first

time.

TABLE

OF ALL IRREGULAR FORMS OF DISSONANT AND

IRREGULAR VERBS.

(The first column contains the irregular form, the second the tense 19 which it belongs, and the third the Infinitive of the verb.)