144

Duration of Sunshine on United States Territory.

INSULAR POSSESIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.-Continued.

Island, 46,843; Kauai Island, 20,562; Niihau Island, 172; Maui Island, 25.416; Molokai Island and Lanai Island, 2,504; Oahu Island, 58.504. Total of the Territory, 154, 001. The population of the city of Honolulu was 39,306. The population of Hawaii according to the 1910 census, made by the United States Census Bureau, was 191,909, Honolulu City having a population of 52,183.

The exports from Hawaii to the United States in the twelve months ending June 30, 1913, were valued at $42,652,462. The imports into Hawaii from the United States for the same period were valued at $30.411 899. The imports from foreign countries for the same period were $6,873,531, exports $758,656.

The new Territorial Government was inaugurated at Honolulu June 14, 1900, and the first Territorial Legislature began its sessions at Honolulu February 20, 1901. The Legislature is composed of two houses-the Senate of fifteen members, holding office four years, and the House of Representatives of thirty members, holding office two years. The Legislature meets biennially, and sessions are limited to sixty days.

The executive power is lodged in a Governor, a Secretary, both appointed by the President, and hold office four years, and the following officials appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate of Hawaii. An Attorney-General, Treasurer, Commissioner of Public Lands, Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, Superintendent of Public Works, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Auditor and Deputy, Surveyor, High Sheriff, and members of the Boards of Health, Public Lustruction, Prison Inspectors, etc. They hold office for four years, and must be citizens of Hawaii,

The Judiciary of the Territory is composed of the Supreme Court, with three Judges, the Circuit Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature may establish. The Judges are appointed by the President. The Territory is a Federal Judicial District, with a District Judge, District-Attorney, and Marshal, all appointed by the President. The District Judge has all the powers of a Circuit Judge. The Territory is represented in Congress by a delegate, who is elected biennially by the people. Provision is made in the act creating the Territory for the residence of Chinese in the Territory, and prohibition as laborers to enter the United States. The imports and exports aggregated $84,143,760 during the fiscal year 1912 and have increased 172 per cent, since the first year of Territorial Government. Receipts of the Territorial Government greatly exceeded the expenditures, notwithstanding large increases in the latter for public schools, public health and other matters. The assessed value of property increased 14. 4 per cent, and commercial deposits 23.10 per cent. During the fiscal year 1912, 483 homesteads or more than twice as many as for any preceding year were taken. About four million dollars will be available during the present biennial period for the building of roads, water and sewer works, wharves and harbors, public school and other public buildings and the reclamation of wet lands in several towns. was an increase 31.49 per cent. over the preceding year in the expenditures for public schools and of nearly 4,000 in attendance. Pearl Harbor channel has been completed and the harbor was entered for the first time by a large war vessel, the California. The Territorial indebtedness on June 30, 1912, was $5, 454,000.

There

Duration of Sunshine on United States Territory.

THE acquisition of Porto Rico, the Sandwich and Philippine Islands, and a portion of the Navigator or Samoan Group has very considerably affected the duration of continuous sunshine on our territory. The mathematical discussion of this subject would be out of place here, but any one who desires to inform himself on this matter can easily and satisfactorily do so by using a terrestrial globe having an artificial horizon attached to it, and carefully complying with the following instructions: Place the globe so that the North Pole shall be directed toward the north, and elevate it 23° above the horizon as indicated by the brass meridian. Assuming, of course, that the sun is in the zenith, this will be the position of the earth in reference to the sun at the Summer solstice, June 22. As we turn the globe on its axis from west to east, the sun will be rising at all places on the western and setting at all places on the eastern horizon, and we shall find on turning the globe through an entire revolution that some portion or other of our territory-including the islands named above-will always be above the horizon or will have continuous sunshine during the twentyfour hours. If we now depress the North Pole 23° below the horizon we shall have the relative position of things at the Winter solstice, December 22, and we shall find the opposite conditions to prevall; that is to say, the sun will not now shine continuously on our territory, but some portion of it will always be involved in darkness or below the horizon.

Again, if we place the poles of the globe in the horizon, which is the relative position at the equinoxes, March 21 and September 23 and turn the globe through a complete revolution, we shall find that for a very short time during the twenty-four hours the whole of our territory will be below the horizon or in darkness. Finally, let us elevate the North Pole about 5° above the horizon, then we shall find, as we revolve the globe on its axis, that some portion of our territory is always above the horizon or has sunshine. Therefore, we conclude that when the sun's northern declination exceeds 5°, or from the 3d of April to the 10th of September, the sun will shine continuously over some part or other of United States territory.

If we consider the effect of refraction, which accelerates the time of rising and retards the time of setting, the above dates may be practically extended to within two or three days of the equinoxes.

Great Britain, France, and Holland are the only nations on whose dominions the sun never sets. Those of Great Britain are very extensive and scattered far and wide over both hemispheres, so that while the sun may be setting at one, It is rising on another. The French possessions consist for the most part of numerous small Islands in the Atlantic. Indian, and Pacific Oceans, with continental territories in South America, Africa, and Asia, and accordingly are so distributed that the sun is always above the horizon of some of them. The foreign possessions of Holland are far more extensive than most people Imagine. With the exception of Dutch Guiana in South America, they consist of two groups of Islands-one on the coast of Venezuela and the other embracing Sumatra, Java, Celebes, portions of Borneo and New Guinea and a host of smaller islands scattered throughout the East Indian Archipelago, extending over 46° of longitude. These, with Holland itself, are so situated as to their difference of longitude that the sun is always shining on some of them.

The Cuban Government.

Cuba.

145

THE Island of Cuba is 730 miles long, and its width varies from about 25 miles to 100 miles. Its area. comprises 44,164 square miles, or about that of Pennsylvania. It has numerous safe and commodious harbors, that of Havana being one of the largest and finest in the world. Measuring from points of nearest approach to its neighbors, Cuba is about 100 miles from Key West, Fla., North; 54 miles from Hayti, East; 130 miles from Yucatan, West, and 85 miles from Jamaica, South.

The two principal agricultural staples of the island are sugar and tobacco. It also produces in considerable quantities fruits, vegetables, timber and metals, mainly iron, manganese and copper ore. The soll Is adapted to coffee and cotton. Prof. Robert T. Hill, of the United States Geological Survey, says: "Cuba is the fairest and most fertile of the tropical lands. So far as wealth and lay of soll are concerned Cuba Is superior to the rest of the tropical lands, with the possible exception of Porto Rico. The whole island is mantled with rich soils, fertile calcareous loams, which, under constant humidity, yield in abundance every form of useful vegetation of the tropical and temperate climes."

The Government is Republican in form. The President, who is chosen by popular suffrage, serves four years and appoints his own Cabinet. The Congress consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, one representative being chosen for every 25,000 inhabitants, as nearly as possible. The provinces, of which there are six, corresponding to the American States, elect their own Governors and control their own internal affairs. POPULATION OF CUBA.

A census of Cuba was taken by the United States Provisional Government in 1907, under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, at Washington. The results, of which the following is an abstract. were published in Spanish and English in 1909.

In 1907 Cuba had a population of 2,048,980, an increase from 1899 of 476,183, or 30.3 per cent. The population of the provinces of Cuba was as follows:

Over half of the population lived in the rural districts, the 134 towns and cities containing 899,667 inhabitants, or 43.9 per cent. of the total. The population of the six large cities was as follows:

The density of population in 1907 was 46.4 per square mile. Males were more numerous than females, the numbers being 1,074,882 and 974,098, respectively. Of the total population, 1,369,476, or 66.8 per cent., were single or divorced: 423,537, or 20.7 per cent., were married; 176,509, or 8.6 per cent., were consensually married; and 79,458, or 3.9 per cent., were widowed. The average number of persons to a family was 4.8.

In 1907 over two-thirds 1,428,176, or 69.7 per cent., of the inhabitants were white. The colored population was composed of 274,272 negroes, 334.695 mixed, and 11,837 Chinese. Of the whites. 1,224,539 were native and 203,637 foreign born. Of the latter class, Spain contributed 185,393 and the United States 6,713.

Of the total population, 1.780,628, or 86.9 per cent., were of Cuban and 228.138, or 11.1 per cent., of Spanish citizenship. Of the 551,639 males of voting age, 430,514 were Cuban citizens, and of these, 212.930, or less than one-half, were literate, while 217,584 were illiterate; among those of other citizenship the proportion of Iterates was much greater, 89,217 being literate and 31,908 Illiterate. Among the white males of voting age the literates were in the majority, the numbers being 161,742 literates and 130,944 Illiterates for Cuban citizens, and 84,937 literates and 23,056 illiterates for all the others.

Almost one-third, 171,017, or 31.6 per cent., of the children attended school; the corresponding percentage for 1899 was only 15.7. In the six large cltles 55,336, or 49.9 per cent. of those of school age, attended school.

Of the population at least ten years of age, 837.958, or 56.6 per cent., could read. For the large cities the percentage was 82.6; for the rest of Cuba It was 47.9.

In 1907, 772,502 persons were engaged in gainful occupations. The 698,982 male breadwinners formed 65 per cent. of all the males, while the 73.520 females gainfully employed formed 7.5 per cent. of all the females. Of the wage-earners, 374.969, or 48.5 per cent., were engaged in agriculture, fishing and mining; 136.419, or 17.6 per cent., in trade and transportation; 126,021, or 16.3 per cent., in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits; 122,288, or 16 per cent., in domestic and personal service; and 12,805, or 1.6 per cent.. In professional service.

The principal trade is with the United States, which takes practically all the exports of sugar, fruit, and minerals, and more than nine-tenths of the raw tobacco. Trade with Spain has fallen off greatly.

The total trade of Cuba for the fiscal year, 1912, exclusive of coin, was as follows: Imports, $118,937,000; exports, $146,676.000, and United States trade with Cuba, merchandise only, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913. Imports into the United States from Cuba, $126,088,173; exports from the United States to Cuba, $70,581,154.

146

National Parks in the United States.

THE national parks and reservations mentioned below are under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. General Information, the annual administrative reports, copies of the rules and regulations, and compilations of the laws relating to the parks may be obtained from the Secretary of the Interior or from the superintendents of the parks.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK is in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, and has an area of 2,142,720 acres. The superintendent's address is Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. The park can reached by the following railroads: Northern Pacific Railroad to Gardiner, the northern entrance, Ivingston, Mont.; Oregon Short Line Railroad to Yellowstone, Mont., the western entrance; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to Cody, Wyo., from which the eastern entrance to the park is accessible. Stage and private transportation connections for the reservation are made at all these points. The tourist season extends from June 1 to September 15.

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA, including the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove, embraces an area of 719,622 acres. The superintendent's address is Yosemite, Cal. The park can be reached from Merced on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Southern Pacific railroads by way of Yosemite Valley Railroad, which runs to the western boundary, and by connections of the same roads to Raymond, on the southwest; stage lines run from the terminus of the Yosemite Valley Railroad and from Raymond to Yosemite Valley within the park. The tourist season extends from May 1 to November 1, but the park is accessible and hotel accommodations are furnished the entire year. GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA, has an area of approximately 915,000 acres, of which 15,000 acres have been surveyed. Within the limits stated there are 250 lakes, ranging from 10 miles to a few hundred feet in extent. There are more than 60 glaciers between 5 square miles and a few acres in area. There are wild animals, plants, and rocks in number and quantity to satisfy the most ardent student, and views of great variety, beauty and grandeur to gratify the artist and the lover of nature. The address of the superintendent is Belton, Mont. The park can be reached via the Great Northern Railway. The tourist season extends from May 1 to about September 15.

MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON, has an area of 207,360 acres. The superintendent's address is Ashford, Wash. The park is reached by stage or private transportation from Ashford, Wash., on the Tacoma Eastern Railroad, and by trail from Fairfax, on the Northern Pacific Railroad. The tourist season extends from June 15 to September 15.

SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA, has an area of 161,597 acres. The address of the superintendent is Ranger, Cal., during the tourist months (June 1 to September 15) and Three Rivers, Cal., the balance of the year. This park may be reached from Visalla, on the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroads by way of the Visalla Electric Railroad Company to Lemon Cove, thence by stage or private conveyance to the Glant Forest within the park, or by private conveyance from Visalla via Lemon Cove.

GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA, has an area of 2,536 acres. This reservation is administered jointly with Sequola National Park, and the tourist season extends from June 1 to September 15. The address of the superintendent is given above. The park may be reached from Visalia on the Southern Pacific and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroads, thence by the Visalia Electric Railway to Woodlake, thence 30 miles by stage or private conveyance, or by trail from Sequoia National Park.

CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK, OREGON, has an area of 159,360 acres. The address of the superintendent during the tourist months (June 15 to September 30) is Crater Lake, Ore., and during the balance of the year Klamath Falls, Ore. This park may be reached by stage or automobile from Klamath Falls, Ore., or from Medford, Ore., on the Southern Pacific Railroad.

WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH DAKOTA, contains 10,522 acres. The superintendent's address is Wind Cave, S. Dak. This park may be reached by private conveyances from Hot Springs, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads, or by similar conveyance from Custer, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The reservation is open to tourists the entire year.

SULLYS HILL PARK, NORTH DAKOTA, on the shore of Devils Lake, has an area of 780 acres. The address of the superintendent is Fort Totten, N. Dak. Devils Lake, Narrows, and Toklo, on the Great Northern Railroad, are close to the park, and from these points the reservation can be approached by wagon, or by boat (private conveyance).

PLATT NATIONAL PARK, AT SULPHUR, OKLAHOMA, has an area of 848.22 acres. Sulphur is the post-office address of the superintendent. The town is accessible by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the St. Louts and San Francisco railroads. The park, which is open to tourists the entire year, is within walking or riding distance of the railroads.

MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO, under the organic act approved June 29, 1906, contained an area of 42.376 acres, and the 5-mile strip under the park jurisdiction for the protection of ruins, provided for by the act, abutting the park, contained 175,360 acres. The 5-mile strip was eliminated from park supervision by the act of June 30, 1913, and the boundaries of the park proper were changed so as to make the present aggregate area 76.51 square miles, or 48,966.4 acres. The address of the superintendent is Mancos, Col., the nearest railroad station, on the Rio Grande Southern Railroad. This station is about 25 miles from the ruins, which may be reached only by horseback or on foot. The tourist season extends from May 1 to September 30.

CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, a reservation; has an area of 480 acres. The nearest railroad station is Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It may also be reached by private conveyance from Florence, Ariz., on the Phoenix and Eastern Railroad. The address of the custodian is Florence. The Mesa Verde National Park and the Casa Grande Reservation were set aside to protect the Instructive prehistoric ruins and other objects of antiquity which they contain. These ruins are being excavated and repaired and are open for the Inspection of visitors. Reports on the repair of such ruins have been Issued by the Department of the Interior, and more detailed accounts are distributed by the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.

HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION, ARKANSAS (the permanent reservation), has an area of 911.63 acres. Eleven bathhouses on the reservation and thirteen in the city of Hot Springs, as well as several hotels operated in connection with bathhouses, receive hot water from the springs, under lease with the Secretary of the Interior. The address of the superintendent is Hot Springs, Ark.

PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.-Under the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, interdepartmental regulations governing the excavation, appropriation, etc., of prehistoric ruins or objects of antiquity have been promulgated by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War. Applications for permits to make excavations on the public lands, Indian reservations, or the national monuments named below should be addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. The following have been reserved from entry and set aside as national monuments: Devils Tower, Wyoming. Montezuma Castle, Arizona. Petrified Forest, Arizona. El Moro, New Mexico.

Natural Bridges, Utah.
Lewis and Clark Cavern, Montana.
Tumacacori, Arizona.
Navajo, Arizona.

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Mukuntuweap, Utah.

Muir Woods, California.

Shoshone Cavern, Wyoming.

Gran Quivira, New Mexico.
Sitka National Monument, Alaska.
Rainbow Bridge, Utah.
Pinnacles, California.
Colorado, Colorado.

Ten other national monuments within national forests have also been set aside under this act and placed under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, to whom inquiries in regard thereto should be addressed. One other national monument (Big Hole Battlefield, Mont.), is under jurisdiction of the Secretary of War.

OUR forests now cover 550,000,000 acres, or about one-fourth of the United States. publicly owned contain one-fifth of all timber standing. Forests privately owned contain at least four-fifths of the standing timber. The timber privately owned is not only four times that publicly Owned, but it is generally more valuable.

The original forests of the United States contained timber in quantity and variety far beyond that upon any other area of similar size in the world. They covered 850,000,000 acres, with a stand of not less than 5,200,000,000,000 board feet of merchantable timber, according to present standards of use. There were five great forest regions-the northern, the southern, the central, the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific.

The present rate of cutting is three times the annual growth of the forests of the United States. The great pineries of the lake States are nearing exhaustion and heavy inroads have been made upon the supply of valuable timber throughout all parts of the country.

The heavy demands for timber have been rapidly pushing the great centres of lumber industry toward the South and West. In consequence, the State of Washington has led for several years in lumber production, now followed in order by Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and Oregon. In 1912 the production of yellow plne lumber amounted to fou teen and one-half billion feet; the Douglas fir of the Northwest held second place, with nearly five and one-quarter billion feet; while white pine ranked third, though less was produced than in the preceding year; oak came first among the hardwoods with four and one-third billion feet, and was followed in order by maple, red gum, tulip poplar, chestnut, beech, and frch.

We take from our forests yearly, Including waste in logging and in manufacture, 30,000,000,000 cuble feet of wood, valued at about $1,875,000,000.

We use in a single year 90,000,000 cords of firewood, 40,000,000,000 board feet of lumber, 135,000,000 hewed ties, 1,686,000,000 staves, over 444.500,000 board feet for veneer, over 136,000,000 sets of heading, over 353,000,000 barrel hoops, 3,300,000 cords of native pulp wood, 165,000,000 cubic feet of round mine timbers, nearly 1,500,000 cords of wood for distillation, over 140,000 cords for excelsior, and nearly 3.500,000 telegraph and telephone poles.

The demand for wood pulp is making a severe drain In 1912 about 4,330,000 cords of wood were used in the manufacture of paper, of which about 940,000 cords were imported from Canada. on the spruce forests, which furnish the principal supply, though a number of other woods, such as poplar, hemlock, pine, and balsam, are now being used in considerable quantities. The Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture is conducting kivestigations to determine what other woods, such as scrub pine, white fir, tupelo and the like, can be successfully used.

SPECIAL USES Per Acre. Total. [Per Acre Total. 0.00050 98,712.27 Per Acre. Total. 0.00580 $999,369.16 $ 0.0053 $1,275,556.48 $ 0.0068 $116.995.21 $ 0.0006 0.00520 1.089,702.041 968,942.26 Under the law 25 per cent. of the gross receipts are paid to the States in which the national forests

148

Forests and Forestry.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY-Continued.

are located, to be expended for roads and schools. from the receipts in 1913 is about $586,596.70.

The amount to be paid to the States in this way

In addition 10% is spent on roads under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, and generally in co-operation with State authorities. The total appropriation for the Forest Service in the fiscal year 1914 is $5,399,679, as against $5,343,045 for 1913, with a further provision of $200,000 available for fighting and preventing forest fires in cases of extraordinary emergency,

The grazing receipts for 1913 were paid by the holders of 22,032 permits to graze 1,557,118 cattle, horses and hogs, and of 5.434 permits to graze 7.867,851 sheep and goats. The receipts from timber sales were paid by approximately 5,800 purchasers, who cut the equivalent of 495,668,000 board feet of timber. The receipts from special uses were paid by the holders of approximately 5,000 permits. In other words, these receipts represent profitable use of the forests by at least 38,000 individuals or concerns. To the use for which payment was made must be added the heavy free use of the forests by the public. Figures for free use of timber are as follows: FREE USE OF TIMBER ON NATIONAL FORESTS.

In issuing permits for reservoirs, conduits, power-houses and transmission lines for commercial power development the Forest Service has steadfastly insisted on conditions designed to prevent speculative or perpetual holdings and to secure the full development of available power and the payment of reasonable charges for the use of land.

The total stand of timber on the national forests is estimated at nearly six hundred billions board feet. The following table shows the local cut of timber from the national forests in the fiscal year 1913: TIMBER CUT FROM NATIONAL FORESTS.

The value of the public property administered by the Forest Service is estimated at over two billion dollars.

The great areas contained in the national forests have now been brought to a condition where they are beginning to serve the purposes of the West. The conservation of timber and forage through wise use, and the protection of stream flow, are the means of sustaining many industries which have contributed materially to the prosperity of the country.

ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREST SERVICE.

At the head of the Forest Service are the Forester, Henry S. Graves, and the Associate Forester, A. F. Potter. The work is organized under the following branches: Operation, and also Lands, James B. Adams in charge; Silviculture, and also Products, W. B. Greeley in charge; Grazing. A. F. Potter in charge, and Products Laboratory, Howard F. Welss in charge; Acquisition of Lands Under the Weeks law, William L. Hall in charge.

The 163 national forests are distributed in six districts, with a District Forester in charge of each, and headquarters as follows: District 1 (Montana, northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern South Dakota, northern Michigan, northern Minnesota and southwestern North Dakota), Missoula, Mont., F. A. Silcox, District Forester; District 2 (Colorado, Wyoming, the remainder of South Dakota, Nebraska and western Kansas), Denver, Col., Smith Riley, District Forester; District 3 (most of Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, New Mexico and Oklahoma), Albuquerque, N. Mex., A. C. Ringland, District Forester; District 4 (Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, eastern and central Nevada and a small portion of northwestern Arizona), Ogden, Utah, E. Ä. Sherman, District Forester: District 5 (California and southwestern Nevada), San Francisco, Cal., Coert DuBols, District Forester; and District 6 (Washington, Oregon and Alaska), Portland, Ore., Geo. H. Cecu, District Forester.

On July 1, 1913, the force employed by the Forest Service numbered 3,791. Of these 3,068 were employed upon the national forests and 723 were engaged in administrative, scientific and clerical work at the Washington and district headquarters, Of the employés on the national forests the force engaged principally in protective work numbered 2,302 men, as follows: Forest Rangers, 359; Assistant Forest Rangers, 888; Forest Guards, 1,053; Game Wardens, 2. The protective force was therefore about one man for every 80,000 acres, or 125 square miles. (Prussia has one man for every 1,700 acres, and Baden one for every 750.)

BRANCH OF SILVICULTURE.

The branch of silviculture directs the management of the national forests as regards both the systems of cutting mature timber and the work of forest planting; supervises their protection: cooperates with States in developing forest policies adapted to their requirements; co-operates with private forest owners who desire to practice forestry on their lands; and carries on silvicultural investigations of the important species of the United States. Its most Important work is in connection with the management of the national forests where the chief problem, after fire protection, is to replace the mature timber as it is sold and cut by young growth of valuable species.

In planting within the national forests the primary object is to produce commercial timber, although in a number of cases planting has been done chiefly with the view of reforesting denuded watersheds in order to control and regulate the flow of streams directly supplying cities and towns. During the year ending June 30, 1913, about 30,000 acres in national forests were sown or planted