Rose in Parliament. His main topics were revenue and trade; which, with the natural feelings of a minister, he was always disposed to place in the most advantageous light. But he deserves particular praise for the zeal with which he engaged in plans no way connected with ministerial influence, and having for their sole object to improve the condition of the indigent classes of society. He gave his full support to friendly societies and sa vings' banks; and introduced laws to encourage and secure the property of these establishments. In questions relating to the corn laws, he usually took part with the people against the landed interest. The plans for taking up the population were carried on under his auspices.

Mr Rose, pretty early in life, had married a lady connected with the island of Dominica; and, as her sisters lived at Southampton, this circumstance probably swayed him in the purchase of the estate of Cuffnels, finely situated in the heart of the New Forest, with a view of the sea. He spared nothing in embellishing the house and estate; and, through the local influence thus afforded him, obtained the command of the burgh of Christ-church, and partly of that of Southampton. He had a large and fine family, of whom he said before his death, that "they had been a blessing to him during a long series of years, and had never caused him one hour's pain." His habits were regular, economical, and temperate; and the greater part of the evening as well as morning, was devoted to his official duties. His speeches, which were frequent, made no pretensions to elegance, but consisted merely of plain facts, plainly stated. He attained a great age with little apparent diminution of vigour; but died, after a short illness, at Cuffnels, on the 13th January, 1818, in the 75th year of his age. He left

his family amply provided for. Among other bequests, he leaves to his eldest son George Pitt Rose," a walkingcane, which belonged to his godfather, the late incomparable Right Honour able William Pitt, whose memory will always be dear to me as long as my own endures, it has the crest of that great man, set in gold, on the head of it." He directed also ten shillings to be paid to each of the neighbouring poor who should attend church on the Sunday after his death.

Mr Rose was the author of a considerable number of writings, which, however, consisted chiefly of parliamentary speeches and small political tracts.

Under the direction of the House of Lords, he superintended a superb engraved edition of Domesday Book. On the publication of Mr Fox's History, Mr Rose wrote observations upon it, which were prompted partly by a dissent from some of the political views contained in it, and partly by a wish to clear some charges brought against Sir Patrick Hume, ancestor to the great friend of his family, the Earl of Marchmont. The political opinions of the work, though in some respects opposed to those of Mr Fox, were considered liberal, considering the quarter from which they emanated. The most important of his political tracts was a Letter to Lord Viscount Melville, in which he opposed, as too expensive, and not absolutely necessary, his lordship's plan of a new naval arsenal at Northfleet.

PHILIP FRANCIS was the son of a most respectable clergyman, a native of Dublin, who, about the year 1750, settled in the county of Surrey, where he established an academy, which was frequented by a distinguished class of students. To the public he is advantageously known by the translation of Horace, which ranks still as the standard one; and also by a trans

lation of the Orations of Demosthenes. He had the honour of assisting in the education of Gibbon and of Fox. Having had considerable connexion with ministry, and been even employed in some delicate negociations, his son Philip was early employed in the government offices. In 1756, at the age of 16, he obtained a place in the office of Secretary of State, then held by Mr Fox, afterwards Lord Holland. He retained the same situation under Mr Pitt, and is even said to have acted as amanuensis to that great statesman, for whom he always expressed the profoundest veneration. Being appointed private secretary to General Bligh, he witnessed the expeditions to Cherborg and St Maloes. In 1760 he became secretary to Lord Kinnoull, then appointed ambassador to Portugal. On his return home, he received an appointment of considerable importance in the office of Mr Ellis, afterwards Lord Mendip, then secretary at war. He had here the opportunities of extensive intercourse with public men; and it was here, in the opinion of those who identify him with Junius, that he wrote the letters bearing that celebrated signature. Mr Ellis, however, being succeeded by Lord Barrington, Mr Francis, dissatisfied with the treatment which he received from that nobleman, resigned his appointment in March 1772. He then undertook an extensive tour on the continent, visiting Germany, Italy, and France; and it is remarked, that during all this period Junius was silent.

About a year after Mr Francis's return, he received a highly important and lucrative appointment. He became, along with Colonel Monson, General Clavering, and Mr Barwell, a member of the council appointed to control Mr Hastings; to which office was attached a salary of 10,000l. a-year. It is said, notwithstanding his differences with Lord Barrington, that

nobleman used his interest with Lord North to procure him this situation. The gratification derived from it must have been somewhat impaired, by the reflection, that his father, Dr Francis, did not enjoy his good fortune, but had died a year before.

To narrate Mr Francis's career in India, would be only to repeat what we have already said under the head of Mr Hastings, to whom he opposed the most constant and determined resistance. At length, having lost his coadjutors, and being involved in a fruitless personal quarrel with that gentleman, he left India, and arrived in England in October 1781. Hastings, having just concluded triumphantly the war in India, was now restored to full favour; and both ministry and the India-House were shut against Mr Francis's complaints. Mr Burke, however, eagerly espoused them; and they waited the time when the ear of Parliament might become more open to inquiry. In 1784, Mr Francis having become representative for Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight, studied to call the attention of Parlia ment to the affairs of India. His views on this subject led him into connexion with the leading Whig members, whose principles he generally supported. He is supposed to have displeased Mr Pitt, by exclaiming of Lord Chatham, " He is dead, and has left nothing in this world that resembles him." In 1785, Mr Hastings returned home; and on the following year Mr Burke opened the celebrated impeachment. He was chiefly furnished by Mr Francis, both with his information respecting India, and with the grounds of charge. When Mr Francis was proposed as a manager of the impeachment, Mr Pitt objected to his name, as the only one who had a personal quarrel with Mr Hastings. On this occasion, his friends boasted without contradiction, of the high charac

ter of Mr Francis, his pure and unimpeached honour,-his natural abilities, and extensive acquired information respecting India. But though none of these praises were disputed, the House, on good grounds, we think, decided against his being a manager. It has been supposed by some, that if the management had been intrusted to him, the superiority of his temper and judgment to that of Mr Burke, would have led to a more fortunate result. He acceded, however, to a formal application of the committee of management, to supply them with all the information in his possession, which could forward their views.

Mr Francis, from this time, took a leading part in all the debates respecting India. He stigmatized throughout the system of aggrandizement and extension of territory in that part of the world, which has been so constantly condemned, and so constantly acted upon. When the vote of thanks was moved to Marquis Wellesley, he maintained, that the presumption was against every one who made war in India, until it was proved, that such war had been the offspring of necessity. An inquiry, whether this was the case, ought therefore to precede any vote of thanks. He never ceased to prophecy, what has certainly been fulfilled, that all the wealth of India would never afford any surplus to relieve or enrich the British Exchequer. At length, on the 10th March, 1806, he took a final leave of the subject. "He had passed six years in perpetual misery and contest in Bengal, at the hazard of his life, for which he appealed to the chairman of the Court of Directors: then, a wretched voyage of ten months, and two and twenty years of labour in the same course, unsupported and alone. By endeavouring through all that portion of his life to maintain right against wrong, he had sacrificed his repose, and forfeit.

ed all hopes of reward or personal advantage; but now he had taken his resolution, and would do so no more. He would never more take an active part, much less a lead, in any discussion of Indian question."

Mr Francis took a warm interest in the abolition of the slave-trade; and, on the 11th April, 1796, moved a bill to meliorate the condition of the slaves in the West Indies. On this occasion he bitterly reproached Mr Pitt, with giving to the cause only his personal influence and oratory, without using his influence as a minister. On the breaking out of the French war, he entirely concurred with Mr Fox and his friends, and joined with them in becoming a member of the society called the Friends of the People. On the 30th May, 1795, he submitted to that body a plan for a reform in the representation, which received their approbation. Being accused, however, as a votary of universal suffrage, he wrote a letter, in which he repelled in the strongest manner the holding of such an opinion, declaring that he had, on all occasions, resisted and reprobated it, treating it as " a dangerous chimera, set up on purpose to delude the lower classes of the people."

On the accession of the Fox and Grenville party to power, some thoughts are said to have been entertained of sending out Mr Francis as Governor-General to India. The honour of knighthood, however, was all that he received from that administration. About this time he vacated his seat in Parliament, and gave up all concern in public affairs. In 1817, however, indignation spurred him forward to make his appearance at the meeting of Middlesex freeholders, and protest against the proposed suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. He was also present at the dinner given to Alderman Wood on his election as

Lord Mayor, to whom, on his health being drunk, he made a highly panegyrical speech.

Sir Philip was finally affected with a malady of the prostrate gland, which produced a constant irritation, and finally proved fatal on the 22d December, 1818, at the age of 78. He left a son, bred to the Bar, and two daughters, Mrs Johnson and Mrs Cholmondeley.

The point which, of late years, has chiefly brought Sir Philip before the eye of the public, is the attempt made to prove him author of Junius. We must profess, that we judge of this question almost solely through the abstract of the arguments given in the Edinburgh Review; and public opinion seems now rather hostile to the supposition. Yet, for our parts, we cannot help thinking, that no person half so likely has yet been named. Surely some stress is to be laid on the total absence of any other name at all probable. Then come the circumstances of Sir Philip's life, his presences and absences from London; not to mention other minute coincidences, which we shall not here detail. We are of opinion also, that the characteristics of Junius's style have been found in Sir Francis. With reference to this remark, indeed, as well as to the other, that none of his acknowledged productions have obtained one-tenth part of the reputation of Junius-it may be observed, that they were esteemed by those who read them, and that Mr Burke called him the best pamphleteer of the age. But these effusions were of a very different character, and written on very different occasions, from the letters of Junius. They wanted that zest of personal anecdote and invective, which is the surest passport to public notice. They were on subjects which required to be treated in a grave and decorous manner, not affording scope

VOL. XI. PART 1.

to the talent peculiar to Junius. But it would really appear, that when an occasion is given, that talent breaks forth. In addition to passages elsewhere quoted, we cannot help giving the following, which, especially the latter part, appears to us strongly Junian, and equal perhaps to any thing of Junius. In reference to Mr Pitt's speech on the slave-trade, he says, "I have not forgotten that illustrious night, when all the powers of his eloquence were summoned to the service, and exerted in the defence of justice and humanity, when he took the House at a late hour, exhausted with watching, and wearied with debate; when worn-out attention revived at his voice; when he carried conviction to our hearts; when reason in his hand seemed to have no office but to excite the best of passions in our breasts: then, sir, was the time, if he had nothing to consider but his own glory, then was the moment for him to have chosen to retire from parliament, perhaps from the world. He had arrived at the pinnacle of Parliamentary honour, and at the summit of his fame; and there he should have quitted the scene. From that moment, and upon that station, in my judgment, he has done nothing but descend." It is true, there still remains the difficulty of his constant denial of a performance from which his name would have derived so much lustre ; and the solution given in the Review no longer exists, since he has died without owning it. Yet there might still remain motives which might render it disagreeable for him to think, that a work, so entirely personal, should be known as his. His last years, too, appear to have been spent in abstraction from the world, and with considerable feelings of disgust and indifference to it. All his works, whether we include Junius or not,