In battel, what our power is, or our right.
Let us advise, and to this hazard draw

With speed what force is left, and all employ 730
In our defence, lest unawares we lose

This our high place, our sanctuary, our hill.

To whom the Son with calm aspect and clear Light'ning divine, ineffable, serene, Made answer. Mighty Father, thou thy foes 735 Justly hast in derision, and secure Laugh'st at their vain designs and tumults vain, Matter to me of glory, whom their hate Illustrates, when they see all regal power Given me to quell their pride, and in event Know whether I be dextrous to subdue Thy rebels, or be found the worst in heaven. So spake the Son: but Satan with his powers Far was advanc'd on winged speed, an host Innumerable as the stars of night,

740

745

Or stars of morning, dewdrops, which the sun
Impearls on every leaf and every flower.

Regions they pass'd, the mighty regencies
Of Seraphim, and Potentates, and Thrones
In their triple degrees, regions to which
All thy dominion, Adam, is no more

750

Than what this garden is to all the earth,

And all the sea, from one entire globose

746 stars of morning] Casimir Sarb. Carm. ii. 4. 1. calls the dews, 'Stellulæ noctis decedentis.'

747 Impearls] Sylv. Du Bartas, p. 70.

Impearled with tears, which sweet Aurora sheds.' Todd.

Stretch'd into longitude; which having pass'd,

At length into the limits of the north

755

They came, and Satan to his royal seat

High on a hill, far blazing, as a mount

Rais'd on a mount, with pyramids and tow'rs

From diamond quarries hewn, and rocks of gold,

The palace of great Lucifer; so call

760

That structure in the dialect of men
Interpreted, which not long after he,
Affecting all equality with GOD,
In imitation of that mount whereon
Messiah was declar'd in sight of heaven,
The mountain of the congregation call'd;
For thither he assembled all his train,
Pretending so commanded to consult
About the great reception of their king,
Thither to come, and with calumnious art
Of counterfeited truth thus held their ears.

765

770

[powers,

Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues,
If these magnific titles yet remain
Not merely titular, since by decree
Another now hath to himself ingross'd
All power, and us eclips'd under the name
Of king anointed, for whom all this haste
Of midnight march and hurry'd meeting here,
This only to consult how we may best
With what may be devis'd of honours new
Receive him, coming to receive from us
Knee-tribute yet unpaid, prostration vile,
Too much to one, but double how endur'd,
To one and to his image now proclaim'd!

775

780

But what if better counsels might erect
Our minds, and teach us to cast off this yoke?
Will ye submit your necks, and choose to bend
The supple knee? ye will not, if I trust
To know ye right, or if ye know yourselves
Natives and sons of heaven, possest before
By none, and if not equal all, yet free,
Equally free; for orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist.
Who can in reason then or right assume
Monarchy over such as live by right
His equals, if in power and splendour less,
In freedom equal? or can introduce
Law and edict on us, who without law
Err not? much less for this to be our Lord,

788 knee] Shakesp. Richard II. act i. scene iv.

785

790

795

'And had the tribute of his supple knee.' Todd. 799 much less] This passage is considered as one of the most difficult in Milton. Bentley, Pearce, Richardson, Greenwood, Warburton, and Newton, have given their different interpretations. I differ from them, as they carry back the force of 'much less' to what has past. I consider one argument concluded at 'err not,' and that 'much less,' beginning a new one, looks forward; and I thus explain it: Much less reason has he to be called our Lord, and consequently to look for adoration from us, when it must be at the expense, or abuse of those imperial titles which in themselves assert our own sovereignty, and our consequent immunity from servitude.' He alludes to the titles given the angels. 'Thrones, dominations, princedoms, &c. this argument Abdiel answers, v. 831. I trust that this explanation will be considered as satisfactory.

799 for this] for. This. Iste. Bentl. MS. VOL. II.

3

And look for adoration to th' abuse
Of those imperial titles, which assert
Our being ordain'd to govern, not to serve !

Thus far his bold discourse without control

800

Had audience, when among the seraphim
Abdiel, than whom none with more zeal ador'd 805
The Deity, and divine commands obey'd,
Stood up, and in a flame of zeal severe
The current of his fury thus oppos'd.

O argument blasphemous, false, and proud!
Words which no ear ever to hear in heaven
Expected, least of all from thee, ingrate,
In place thyself so high above thy peers.
Canst thou with impious obloquy condemn
The just decree of GOD, pronounc'd and sworn,

That to his only Son, by right endu'd

With regal scepter, every soul in heaven

Shall bend the knee, and in that honour due
Confess him rightful king? unjust thou say'st,
Flatly unjust, to bind with laws the free,

And equal over equals to let reign,

One over all with unsucceeded power.
Shalt thou give law to God? shalt thou dispute
With him the points of liberty, who made

810

815

820

Thee what thou art, and form'd the pow'rs of heaven Such as he pleas'd, and circumscrib'd their being? Yet by experience taught we know how good, And of our good, and of our dignity

How provident he is, how far from thought

To make us less, bent rather to exalt

All things, ev'n thee, and all the spirits of heaven By him created in their bright degrees,

841

Crown'd them with glory, and to their glory nam'd
Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers,
Essential powers, nor by his reign obscur'd,
But more illustrious made, since he the head
One of our number thus reduc'd becomes,
His laws our laws, all honour to him done
Returns our own? Cease then this impious rage,
And tempt not these; but hasten to appease
Th' incensed Father, and th' incensed Son,
While pardon may be found in time besought.

So spake the fervent angel; but his zeal
None seconded, as out of season judg'd;
Or singular and rash; whereat rejoic'd
Th' Apostate, and more haughty thus reply'd.

846

850

That we were form'd then say'st thou? and the

Of secondary hands, by task transferr'd

[work

From Father to his Son? strange point and new! Doctrine which we would know whence learn'd :

who saw

When this creation was? remember'st thou
Thy making, while the Maker gave thee being?