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v. 1-15, A-Z; v. 16, suppl. A-Z; v. 17, suppl. A-Z.

A famous encyclopedia, well edited and well written, once of first importance and still useful in many cases if allowance is made for the fact that it is not up to date and must be checked, on important points, by occasional reference to more recent authorities. Combines the features of dictionary and encyclopedia, and as an encyclopedia is an extreme example of entry under small subject, including many articles, some of considerable length, on individual works of literature, e. 9. poems, plays, novels, romances, etc., and a very large amount of minor biography not included in other general encyclopedias. Good for questions of European literature, biography and history. Pink index pages referring to articles in the two supplements have been issued for insertion at the back of each of the original 15 volumes. As these were not issued until after the publication of the supplements they are not included in earlier sets, but may be purchased separately and inserted; price 3.50 fr.

Nouveau Larousse, illustré, dictionnaire universel encyclopédique. Paris, Larousse, 1898-1906. 8v. illus. pl. (some col.) maps. 32cm. 250 fr.

v. 1-7, A-Z; v. 8, suppl.

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Not an abridgment or revision of the above, but an entirely new work of a more popular character, with briefer articles, and profusely illustrated in both black and white and colors. Preserves much of the old Larousse feature of separate treatment of very small subjects. Especially useful for certain kinds of questions about works of art, as one of its special features is the inclusion of separate articles on individual works of art, e. g. paintings, statues, etc., entered under their titles or subjects, and accompanied by small but usable illustrations. Contains a large amount of biography but comparatively little bibliography. For popular, not scholarly use.

-Larousse mensuel illustré, revue encyclopédique universelle, pub. sous la diR rection de Claude Augé, 1907-16.

Paris,

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v. 1, 1907-10; v. 2, 1911-13; v. 3, 1914-16. An excellent monthly supplement to the Nouveau Larousse, with the same size and style of page, and same type of articles and illustrations. monthly number is alphabetical, there are annual indexes for each year, to be used until a volume is completed, and a final alphabetical index for each volume. Articles are well up to date and numbers are issued promptly. Good work for contemporary French biography, obituaries, portraits, etc. The issues for 1914-16 contain many articles on current history of the European war, military art science, terms, maps of battles and campaigns, etc.

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Brockhaus' konversations-lexikon; allgemeine deutsche real-encyklopädie. 14. aufl. Lpz. Brockhaus, 1892-95. 17v. illus. R plates (some col.), maps. 25cm. 170m. 033 v. 17 is a supplementary volume.

The 1908 edition is called the Jubiläums ausgabe but is not revised.

Begun in 1796 by Löbel, it was taken up by Brockhaus in 1808. The first edition bore the title Damenslexicon.

Herders konversations-lexikon. 3. aufl., reich illustriert durch textabbildungen, tafeln und karten. Freiburg im Breisgau, St. Louis, Mo. Herder, 1902-07. 8v. illus., pl. (partly col.) col. port., maps, plans, facsim., fold. tables. 25cm. 100m. 033 -Ergänzungsband. Freiburg, St. Louis, Herder, 1910. 18.50m.

From the Catholic point of view. For general purposes less useful than Meyer and Brockhaus but often useful in addition to those two works when the Catholic viewpoint, or information on Catholic subjects is wanted.

Meyers grosses konversations-lexikon. Ein nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen wissens. 6. gänzlich neubearb. und verm. aufl. Lpz. Bibliog. inst. 1902-12. 24v. illus., pl. (partly col.) ports. maps, plans, facsims., tables, diagrs. 25cm. 10m. per vol.

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v. 1-20, A-Z; v. 21, Ergänzungsband u. nachträge; v. 22-24, Jahres-suppl. 1909/10-1911/12. Meyers handlexikon des allgemeinen wissens. 6. gänzlich veränd. u. neubearb. aufl. Lpz. Bibliog. inst. 1912. 2 v. illus. 033 pl. (some col.) 22m.

An excellent small, compact work, containing some 100,000 concise articles. Useful in the small library which serves German readers but can afford one of the larger German encyclopedias.

ITALIAN

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ovvero,

Nuova enciclopedia italiana; and Dizionario generale di scienze, lettere,

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factory. Inferior to the Enciclopedia universal ilustrada noted below but still useful for the parts of the alphabet not yet covered by the new work. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada Europeo-Americana. Barcelona, Espasa y Hijos, 1905-15. v. 1-20, 29-31. illus. pl. (partly col.) maps. 26cm. 27 ptas. per vol.

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V. 1-20, A-Espan, 29-31, L-Madz. v. 21-28 not to be published until after the European war.

A useful encyclopedia for the very large reference or special library. It has long articles, bibliographies, many good illustrations and maps, and includes many short articles on very small subjects. Special features are the many maps, geographical, geological, historical and statistical, the numerous plans of even small cities, colored plates of uniforms, flags, coins, etc., of each country, and the many reproductions of paintings and other works of art given usually under title and sometimes under the artist's name.

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DICTIONARIES

For a general survey of the whole field of language dictionaries consult the article "Dictionary" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition. This is valuable for its historical information, but the appended bibliography has not been sufficiently revised to include the best recent dictionaries of the various languages.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

For an interesting and authoritative survey of the history and development of the English dictionary consult Sir James A. H. Murray's Evolution of English lexicography, Ox. Univ. press, 1901, 51p.

Dictionaries are the main sources for information about words, their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, derivation, etc. Theoretically the dictionary is concerned only with the word, not with the thing represented by the word, differing in this respect from the encyclopedia which gives information primarily about the thing. Practically, however, the large modern dictionary is very often encyclopedic and gives information about the thing as well as the word, thus combining the features of the two types of reference books. As the large English dictionary is the most familiar "family reference book," this encyclopedic feature has been continually strengthened by the addition of many special lists and excellent illustrations, until the best modern works of this sort can now be used for many more purposes than information about words. The student of reference books should familiarize himself with the special features and supplementary lists of each of the great dictionaries if he is to make each of these books serve all the purposes that it can be made to serve.

The

Dictionaries should be purchased cautiously. Like encyclopedias they are expensive undertakings for the publisher, and an unscrupulous publisher may try to increase immediate profits by using cheap work, by reprinting without revising some older work the copyright of which has expired, or by other unjustifiable measures. prospective buyer should use the same care recommended in the case of encyclopedias. In studying an English dictionary the student should follow the general directions for examining reference books, and should also note carefully the following points: (1) period of the language covered; (2) vocabulary-extent and how counted, special elements included, e.g. slang, dialect, scientific terms, etc.; (3) treatment of each word with reference to (a) spelling, (b) syllabication and hyphenization, (c) pronunciation, (d) etymology, (e) history, (f) definition, (g) illustrative quotations-are they given freely and with exact reference, (h) standard and usage-is a word indicated as obsolete, colloquial, etc., (i) encyclopedic information, (j) synonyms, antonyms; (4) illustrations; (5) special types of words included in addition to the ordinary vocabulary, e.g. Christian names, foreign phrases, geographical names-to what extent are these included and where, i.e. in separate lists or in the main vocabulary; (6) special features and treatment-does the dictionary stand especially for any one thing, historical information, simplified spelling, etc.

Dictionaries of the English language have been divided rather arbitrarily, according to their place of compilation and publication, into American dictionaries and English dictionaries. Of course both types cover the same field, the English language as a whole, and conform in the main to the same standards, but there are certain

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minor differences. In cases where there are differences in spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc., each dictionary will generally give both usages, but the English work will prefer the English usage or form, while the American work will prefer the American. An American dictionary generally includes more Americanisms, an English dictionary more local English terms and colonial words.

AMERICAN

For a detailed study and comparison of the principal American dictionaries consult American dictionaries, by Stewart Archer Steger, Baltimore, Furst, 1913, 131 p.

Century dictionary and cyclopedia with a new atlas of the world. N. Y. Century co. [c1911] 12 v. illus. pl. (partly col.) 423 maps, charts. 31cm. Published and originally sold by Century co., but no longer handled by that firm. Now sold by Encyclopædia Britannica co., New York.

First edition 1889-91, 6 v., with two supplementary volumes, Cyclopedia of names, 1894, and Atlas 1897; partially revised from time to time and plates altered by the cutting out of some of the original material and the insertion of new information, but Revisions to note never entirely revised and reset. especially are: (1) Edition of 1901, 10 v., v. 1-8, Dictionary, v. 9, Names, v. 10, Atlas; (2) two supplementary volumes published 1909, numbered v. 11-12 to continue the 1901 edition and containing about 100.000 new words, senses and phrases and a 92 page supplement to the Cyclopedia of names; and (3) the 1911 edition, 12 v.

Contents: v. 1-10, Dictionary; v. 11, Cyclopedia of names; v. 12, Atlas.

Printed from the same plates as the earlier editions but with alterations in the plates to include a considerable amount of new material. In addition there is bound at the end of each volume the corresponding portion of the alphabet from the two supplementary volumes published in 1909, making two alphabets in each volume, linked together by crossreferences.

The most comprehensive and detailed American dictionary and the best example of the encyclopedic type. Its special features are its free inclusion and careful treatment of the technical terms of the various sciences, arts, trades and professions, its excellent illustrations and plates, and, particularly, the large amount of encyclopedic material included. This last feature makes the work almost as much an encyclopedia as a dictionary.

Standard dictionary. Funk and Wagnalls new standard dictionary of the English language, prepared by more than 380 specialists and other scholars under the supervision of I. K. Funk, Calvin Thomas, F. H. Vizetelly. N. Y. Funk,

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First edition 1893 had title Standard dictionary; a new edition, 1901, had 85 pages of addenda containing 13,000 new words but was otherwise printed from the same plates as the first edition; the New standard is a thorough revision of the 1893 edition, reset and printed from new plates throughout.

Contents: (1) Dictionary, including in one aiphabet all ordinary dictionary words and also the various proper names, i. e. biographical, bibliographical, geographical, mythological, biblical, etc., which were given in separate lists in the first edition; (2) Appendix: Disputed pronunciations, Rules for simplified spelling, Foreign words and phrases, Statistics of population, History of the world day by day (this last in "subscription ed." only).

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A serviceable one volume work, the most cently revised of American dictionaries and therefore often the most useful for new words. Its special feature is emphasis upon current information, i. e. present day meaning, pronunciation, spelling and the subordination of the historical to the current information. Full vocabulary, about 450,000 words including 65,000 proper names, aims to include all live words of the language in standard speech and literature of the day and terms commonly used dialectically by large numbers of people in different parts of the English speaking world. Prefers simpler spelling and when several forms are used by authorities indicates those used by American philological association, American spelling reform association, and Simplified spelling board. Marks syllabication and hyphenated words plainly, using single hyphen for the first and double hyphen for the second; indicates pronunciation by two respellings, (1) by the scientific alphabet, N.E.A., and (2) by the ordinary respelling used in textbooks. ConGives antonyms as well as synonyms. tains considerable encyclopedic information and many illustrations and good colored plates.

Published in both a "regular" and a "subscription" edition. The regular edition does not contain the appendix "History of the world day by day."

Desk standard dictionary of the English language, designed to give the orthography, pronunciation, meaning, and etymology of about 80,000 words and phrases in the speech and literature of the Englishspeaking peoples; 1,200 pictorial illustrations; abridged from the Funk & Wag

nalls New Standard dictionary of the English language by James C. Fernald. N. Y. Funk, 1915. 894 p. illus. 22cm. $1.50. 423 Published also under title: The high school Standard dictionary of the English language.

Webster, Noah. Webster's new international dictionary of the English language, based on the International dictionary of 1890 and 1900. Now completely revised in all departments, including also a dictionary of geography and biography, being the latest authentic quarto edition of the Merriam series. W. T. Harris, Ph. D., LL. D., editor in chief, F. Sturges Allen, general editor. Sprgf. [Mass.] Merriam, 1909. 2620 p. illus. pl. (partly col.) 31cm. $12.

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First edition of Webster's dictionary 1828; a revision popularly known as the Unabridged, 1864; Webster's International (the revised Webster), 1890; a new edition of this latter, 1900, had a 238 page supplement containing 25,000 new words but was otherwise reprinted from the plates of the 1890 edition; the New international, 1909, is entirely revised and reset throughout.

Contents: (1) Dictionary, including in the same list both the usual dictionary words and also foreign phrases, abbreviations, proverbs, noted names of fiction and all proper names except those in the biographical and geographical lists; (2) Appendix: (a) Pronouncing gazetteer, (b) Pronouncing biographical dictionary, (c) Arbitrary signs used in writing and printing, (d) Classified selection of pictorial illustrations. In addition to the foregoing the "Reference history edition" contains a separately paged supplement "Reference history of the world" by J. C. Ridpath and H. E. Scudder, revised by E. A. Grosvenor, 152 p.

The oldest and most famous American dictionary, a good all round dictionary with no marked specialization or bias, well edited, reliable, and noted particularly for the clearness of its definitions. The most used, and for general purposes the most useful, of the one volume dictionaries, although as it has been less recently revised than the New Standard it is less useful than that work for very recent words or meanings. A special feature in the arrangement is the divided page, containing in the upper part the main words of the language and in the lower part, in finer print, minor words, foreign phrases, abbreviations, etc. Contains considerable encyclopedic matter, about 6,000 illustrations and a number of good colored plates.

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Worcester, Joseph Emerson. Dictionary of the English language. New ed. R enl. Phil. Lippincott, 1891. 2126 p. illus. por. pl. 29cm. $10. 423

Worcester's first dictionary was published in 1830. There is an introduction on the history of English lexicography and a catalog of English dictionaries.

A famous older work once much used and referred to especially as an authority on pronunciation but no longer up to date and not now frequently called for except by occasional readers who have become used to it.

ENGLISH

Murray, Sir James Augustus Henry. New English dictionary on historical principles. Ox. Clarendon press, 1888-1916. v. 1-10. 33cm. v. 1-8, £23 2s. 6d. $114.50; v. 9-10, incomplete, 2s. 6d per section (64 p.) 423

v. 1-8, A-Sh, complete; v. 9-10, Si-Th, Ti-Z, both incomplete.

Known variously as Murray's dictionary, the New English dictionary, and the Oxford dictionary. For history of the work see preface to volume one, and also Murray's Evolution of English lexicography.

The great dictionary of the language, compiled on a different plan from any of the other standard Eng. lish dictionaries and serving a different purpose. It is based upon the application of the historical method to the life and use of words and its purpose is to show the history of every word included from the date of its introduction into the language, showing differences in meaning, spelling, pronunciation, usage, etc., at different periods of the last 800 years, and supporting such information by numerous quotations from the works of more than 5,000 authors of all periods, including all writers whatever before the 16th century and as many as possible of the important writers since then. The vocabulary is very full, and is intended to include all words now in use or known to have been in use since 1150, excluding only words which had become obsolete by 1150. Within these chronological limits, aims to include: (1) all common words of speech and literature, and all words that approach these in character, the limits being extended further into science and philosophy than into slang and cant; (2) in scientific and technical terminology, all words English in form except those of which an explanation would be intelligible only to a specialist, and such words not English in form as are in general use or belong to the more familiar language of science; (3) dialectal words before 1500, omitting dialectal words after that date except when they continue the history of a word once in general use, illustrate the history of a literary word or have a literary currency. Words included are classified as (1) main words, (2) subordinate words, (3) combinations; information for all main words is entered under its

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