while on the contrary; it was much more probable that it was done folely to increase the Superiority he then had over the Parliament.

'Tis related by Rushworth, that this Treaty, tho made very fecretly, was difcover'd by this extraordinary Accident. The Archbishop of Tuam joining himself to a Body of Irish Troops that were going to besiege Sligo, either for the Security of his Perfon, or fome other Defign, the Garifon made a Sally when they came near the Place; by which his Party was routed, and himself kill'd, and in his Pockets were found authentick Copys of the Treaty attefted by feveral Bishops, as alfo of the full Powers given to the Earl of Glamorgan by the King, which were fent to the Parlia

ment.

We shall only add, that upon this Discovery, the Marquifs of Ormond, the Lord Digby, then in Ireland, and fome others, found no better Expedient to clear the King, than to arrest the Earl of Glamorgan, and threaten him with fevere Punishment, for prefuming to go beyond his Orders, by concluding a Treaty with the Irish.

As to the Manifeftoes of the English Parliament, and the States General, Anno 1652, (from p. 36 to 59 of the fame Vol.) it may be obferv'd, that Adrian Pauw, who had been Plenipotentiary at the Peace of Munfier, was fent Ambaffador Extraordinary from the States to the Parliament, to nove for an Accommodation: but the Parliament infifting upon the fame Terms which were propos'd before the Rupture, the States recall'd their Ambaffadors, and refolv'd to continue the War, as the only way to obtain a Peace. A Manifefto was publish'd by them, in which it was pretended that the Parliament had begun the War without any Provocation from them; and the Parliament answer'd in another, fetting forth all their Grievances, or occafions of Complaint, particularly the Refufal of the Dutch to ftrike, which was a Right the Parliament refolv'd to maintain at all Events. The States reply'd to this,

that

that it was true indeed, their Republick in its Infancy had paid this Compliment to the Royal Dignity, at a time when England was under the Dominion of a King; but they did not think themselves oblig'd to pay the fame Refpe&ts to that Nation, now it had chang'd its Monarchy into a Commonwealth.

As to the feparate Article added at the end of the Treaty, whereby the States bound themselves for ever to exclude the Prince of Orange from the Pofts and Employments of Stadtholder General, and Admiral, which his Ancestors had held; this was ratify'd only by the Province of Holland, the other Provinces refufing their Consent to it: and Cromwell thought it not proper to continue the War to force their Compliance; for it had prov'd a very expensive and destructive War on both fides.

We proceed next to Oliver Cromwell's Treaty of Peace with France, (Vol. III. p. 149.) the making of which immediately upon his Entrance into the War with Spain, was attended with no difficulty; France being in a Difpofition to forget the Injurys receiv'd from the English in 1652. Nothing therefore remain'd to be done more than the renewing of antient Treatys, which was made very eafy after Cromwell's Declaration against Spain. But Ludlow obferves in his Memoirs, that this Confederacy was dearly purchafed on the part of England; for by it the Balance of the two Crowns of France and Spain was destroy'd, and a Foun-. dation laid for the future Greatnefs of France, to the unfpeakable Prejudice of all Europe in general, and of the English Nation in particular, whofe Interest it had been hitherto accounted to maintain that Equality as near as poffible.

There's another of his Treatys with Lewis XIV. (p. 175.) as to which we hall obferve, that when King Charles II. heard it was negotiating, he fent a trufty Meffenger to the Archduke Leopold, Governour of the Low-Countrys, to make him the Offer of a League with Spain: which the Archduke accepted, believing

believing that if the King of England was fix'd to the Interests of Spain, he wou'd have Credit enough to draw the Irish Forces from the French into the Spanish Service. This was all the Advantage which Spain had to expect from a League with a Prince, who had fo little to offer, that he was to have been fubfifted by that Crown, in cafe France fhou'd withdraw his Maintenance. Accordingly the King and the Archduke concluded a Treaty, by which the King had Liberty to refide at Bruges, without any Notice to be taken of it by Spain; which was but little able to give him a Reception, or Entertainment futable to his Dignity. Spain was moreover to furnish him with 6000 Men, as foon as he became Mafter of any confiderable Port in England. And King Charles, fatisfy'd with thefe Conditions, fign'd the Treaty, which was ratify'd by the King of Spain; who thereupon fettled a monthly Penfion upon the King of 6000 Livres, and another of 3000 upon the Duke of Glocefter, who had been fent for out of France by his Brother the King.

As foon as the Treaty referr'd to above was fign'd between France and England, the Duke of York and all the English of the King's Party in the Pay of France, had Orders from the French Court to retire out of their Dominions: upon which they all withdrew to the Low Countrys, fome to their King, the reft to find Employment under Don John of Auftria.

The Reader is defir'd to obferve, when he turns to p. 184, that tho Dunkirk was put into the hands of the English, immediately upon its Surrender to the French King, pursuant to the Treaty betwixt Oliver Cromwell and his Majefty; yet there was a Defign to have withheld it, which we fhall relate from Dr. Welwood, becaufe. 'tis a notable Inftance how far Cromwell's Intelligence reach'd the fecret Tranfactions of other Princes, as well as of King Charles.

When the French Army, with the English Auxiliarys, was on its March to inveft the Town, Cromwell fent one Morning for the French Ambaffador to Whitehall,

and

and upbraided him publickly for his Master's intended Breach of Promife, in giving fecret Orders to the French General to keep poffeffion of Dunkirk, in case it was taken, contrary to the Treaty between them. The Ambaffador protefted he knew nothing of the matter, as indeed he did not; and begg'd leave to affure him that there was no fuch thing thought of. Upon which Cromwell pulling a Paper out of his Pocket, Here, fays he, is the Copy of the Cardinal's Order: And I defire you to dispatch an Exprefs immediately to let him know, that I am not to be imposed upon; and that if he deliver not up the Keys of the Town of Dunkirk to Lockhart within an hour after it shall be taken, tell him I'll come in Perfon, and demand them at the Gates of Paris. There were but four Perfons faid to be privy to this Order, the Queen Mother, the Cardinal, the Marshal de Turenne, and a certain Secretary whofe Name our Author chufes not to mention. The Cardinal for a long time blam'd the Queen, as if poffibly fhe had blabb'd it out to fome of her Women; whereas it was found after the Secretary's Death that he had kept a fecret Correspondence with Cromwell for feveral years, and therefore it was not doubted but he had fent him the Copy of the abovemention'd Order,

Before we have done with Cromwell, we hope our Readers will not think us too hiftorical for an Introduction, fince it is confiftent with the Subje&t, if we quote a Paffage from one of the beft modern Hiftorians, to fhew what a high hand Cromwell bore in his Treatys with Crown'd Heads. Puffendorf, in the Life and Actions of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburgh, p.313, fays that in Cromwell's League with France against Spain, he wou'd not allow Lewis XIV. to call himself King of

*

Id porro Bellum Protectoris in Hifpanos adeo opportunum Gallo accedebat, ut fummo Studio ipfum fœdere fibi innectere ftuderet, etiam conceffo, ut Cromwellus eundem, Gallorum Regem, non Galliarum nuncuparet, atque ipfe Protectoris quoque Francia, vocabulum, ficut Anglia affumpturus: Simul pateretur Cromwellum Inftrumento fuo Nomen Titulumque ante Gallicum ponere.

France,

France, but of the French, whereas he took to himself not only the Title of Protector of England, but likewife of France: And, which is yet more furprizing, and can hardly be believed but for the Authority of the Author, the Protector's Name was put before the French King's in the Inftrument of the Treaty.

The Algerines were forc'd to the Treaty inferted p." 267, by Vice-Admiral Lawson, who fail'd to their Coasts with a Squadron. King Charles II. being then in poffeffion of Tangier, they believ'd doubtlefs, it wou'd be no Advantage to them to have him their Enemy.

King Charles fearing the States had a Defign to difunite, or give him and his Brother of France a mutual Difguft of each other, dispatch'd the Duke of Bucks and the Earl of Arlington into Holland, on pretence of treating of a Peace with the States in conjunction with France: And as thefe Ambaffadors pafs'd thro' the Hague, in their Way to Utrecht, where the French King then was, they affected to give out that they were come to bring Peace. But when they were to enter into Treaty, their Propofals were fo extravagant, that it was evident Peace was not the thing defign'd by this Embaffy; and the Sequel Thew'd that the Intent of it was rather to bind the Alliance between France and England more firmly, and to concert new Measures for the Profecution of the War.

The Conditions of the Treaty inferted in p. 275, were offer'd by the Dutch to the King fome time before; but he rejected them then, on pretence they were only defign'd to amufe him, tho at that time nothing less cou'd content him than the entire Destruction of the Seven Provinces, and the Surrender of 'em to the King of France. But the ill Situation of his Affairs now inclin'd him to hearken to a reasonable Peace, provided the States wou'd have fome regard to his Honour and Credit. When no other Difficulty remain'd but this, the States wrote a fubmiffive Letter to him, at the fame time that they gave the Spanish Ambaffador Powers to conclude the Peace: and the

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