Petropavlovsk (1).......... Poltava (1).. Sevastopol (1). Alexander III. (1) ) Ekaterina II. (1) Maria (1)

23,000 27 42,000 1909 23,000 27 42,000 1909 23,000 27 42,000 1909 23,000 27 42,000 1909

17,200 28 17,600 1903 1911

12 12-in., 20 5-in..... 4 21

Imperator Pavel I....

6,000,000 4 12-in., 14 8-in., 12 4.7-in. 6,000,000 7,500,000 412-in., 126-in., 20 3-in., 20 3-pdr.. 6,000,000 4 12-in., 8 6-in., 4 4.7-in.....

6,000,000 412-in., 12 6-in., 20 3-in., 20 1.8-in., 6 1.4-in.

5,000,000 4 12-in., 166-in., 14

3-in., 14 1.4-in.... 5 17 636 4 12-in., 4 8-in., 12 6-in., 143-in.......

2,155,000 612-in., 76-in., 83.9

5

16 731

5

16 636

in.

16 500

776

212-in., 49-in., 86in.,4 6-pdr.,43-pdr. 5

Abenberg (Nap. wars), April 20, 1809: French and Bavarians under Nap. defeated Austrians. Aberdeen (Eng. civil war), Sept. 13, 1644: Royalists under Montrose defeated Covenanters. Aboukir (Nap. wars), July 25, 1799: (1) French under Nap. defeated Turks; (2) Mar. 8, 1801: British defeated French.

Accra, (1) 1824: Small force of British routed by 10,000 Ashantis; (2) Aug. 7, 1826: 400 British with 4,500 natives defeated 15,000 Ashantis.

Acre, Siege of, July, 1189-June, 1191: Christlans captured city; (2) 1291: Moslems recaptured it; (3) French Invasion of Egypt, Mar. 16May 20, 1799: French under Nap. failed to take city from Turkish garrison alded by British force of seamen; (4) Nov. 3-4, 1840: City destroyed by a combined Turkish and British fleet.

Actlum, Sept. 2, 31 B. C.: A sea-fight in which Octavius defeated forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Adrianople, (1) Aug. 9, 378: Insurgent Goths defeated Romans; (2) 551: The Slavs defeated Byzantines.

Adwalton (or Atherton) Moor (Eng. civil war), June 30, 1643: Parliamentarians under Fairfax totally defeated by Royalists under Newcastle. Aegospotami, 405 B. C. (Peloponnesian war); Peloponnesians under Lysander utterly defeated Athenian fleet, destroying naval power of Athens. Aegusa, 241 B. C. (1st Punic war): Roman fleet under Q. Lutatius Catulus defeated Carthaginians.

Aghrim (Eng. Rev.), July 12, 1691: William III. deleated French and Irish under James II. Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415: 15,000 English under Henry V. defeated French army of about 50,000. About 10,000 French killed and 15,000 were taken prisoners. English loss about 1,600, including the Duke of York and Earl of Oxford. Agra, Siege of, Oct. 4-17, 1803: British captured town and fortress from a garrison of 6,000 Mahrattas.

Aladja Dagh, 1877: Russian troops under Grand Duke Michael victorious over Turkish troops.

Alamo, Siege of, Mar. 6, 1836: Invested by Mexicans under Gen. Santa Ana; garrison under Col. Travis, Bowle, and David Crockett overpowered and massacred.

Albuera (Nap. wars), May 16, 1811: Allled (46,000) British, Spanish, and Portuguese under Marshal Beresford defeated French (33,000). Allies lost 5,200, French 8,000.

Aleppo, (1) Nov. 11, 1400: Defeat of Syrians by Tartars under Tamerlane, who captured the town; (2) Aug. 24, 1516: Turks under Selim I. routed Egyptians and annexed Syria to Ottoman Empire.

Alesia, 52 B. C.: Besieged by Julius Cæsar. Alexandria, Stege of, July 11, 1882: British fleet under Adm. Sir Beauchamp Seymour destroyed forts and caused the rebel Arabi Pasha's garrison to surrender.

Alford (Eng. civil war), July 2, 1645: Covenanters routed with heavy loss by Royalists led by Montrose.

Algeciras Bay (Nap. wars), July 12, 1801: French and Spanish fleet defeated by British.

Algiers, Siege of, (1) July 18, 1775: Spaniards under Gen. Count O'Reilly failed to take town from Algerines; (2) Aug. 26, 1816: British and Dutch successfully bombarded town, destroying forts and part of city. 1681, bomb vessel first used. Alicante (War of Span. Successton), July 8, 1706: Stormed and taken by a British squadron. Two years later it was surrendered to Charles III. Allwal (1st Sikh war), Jan. 28, 1846: British force of 10,000 under Sir Harry Smith defeated twice the number of Sikhs.

Alkmaar, Siege of (Netherlands), (1) Aug. 21Oct. 8, 1573: Unsuccessfully besleged by Spanfards; (2) Sept. 19, 1799: Duke of York repulsed.

Alma (Crimean war), Sept. 20, 1854: British under Lord Raglan and French under Marshal St. Arnaud (26,000) decisively defeated Russians (40,000) under Prince Manzikoff. British loss 3,000, French 1,000, Russian 1,200 and 4,700 prisoners.

Almanza (War of Span. Succession), April 25, 1707: French defeated British and Portuguese, resulting in loss to Charles of all Spain except Catalonia.

Almenara (War of Span. Succession), July 28, 1710: British utterly defeated Spaniards.

Alnwick, Nov. 13, 1093: Scots besleged town; defeated by Earl of Northumberland.

Alsen, Island of, June 29, 1864: Captured from Danes by Prussians. Last engagement of the Schleswig-Holstein war.

Amida (Mesopotamia), Slege of, (1) 359: Persians after a slege of 73 days captured town; (2) 502-3: Persians after a slege of 100 days took the fort at a loss of 50,000 men, massacring the Roman garrison and inhabitants, totalling about 80,000.

Amiens (Franco-Prussian war), Nov. 27, 1870: Germans drove the French from town.

Amoaful (2d Ashanti war), Jan. 31, 1874: British under Sir Garnet (Lord) Wolseley defeated Ashantis.

Amorlum (Asia Minor), 838: Theophilus, Emperor of the East, at head of a vast number of Greeks and Persians, defeated at Dasymon by Moslems, who captured Amorlum (Sept. 23), massacring 30,000 Christians.

Ancrum Moor, Feb. 17, 1545: Scots defeated force of Henry VIII.

Angora, 1402: Tartars under Tamerlane utterly defeated the Turks. Between three and four million men were engaged. The town was recovered by Mohammed I. in 1415.

Angostura (Americo-Mexican war), (1) Feb. 21, 1847: Americans under Gen. Scott completely defeated Mexicans under Santa Ana; (2) (Paraguayan war) Dec. 22-27, 1868: The Argentines, Brazilians, and Uruguayans defeated Paraguayans under Gen. Lopez.

Antwerp, Slege of, (1) Nov. 4, 1576: Spaniards took city and massacred inhabitants; (2) Nov. 29-Dec. 24, 1832: French besieged town, owing to Dutch refusal to recognize Treaty of London. The citadel was destroyed by fire and defenders capitulated. Known as "The Spanish Fury.' Aquidaban, Mar. 1, 1870: Allled armies of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay defeated Paraguayans with about 5,000 Indians.

Arbela, 331 B. C.: Macedonians under Alexander the Great overthrew Persians.

Arcola (Venetla) (French Rev.), Nov. 15-17, 1796: French under Nap. defeated Austrians.

Arcot, Siege of, Aug. 30, 1751: Taken by BritIsh and Sepoys under Clive; Sept. 23-Nov. 14: Clive, with a garrison of 320, had to withstand a slege by the Nawab's army of 10,000.

Argaum, Nov. 28, 1803: British under Wellesley defeated the Mahrattas.

Arginusae (Peloponnestan war), 406 B. C.: A sea-fight in which Athenians gained a victory over the Spartan Admiral, Callicratidas.

Arikera (2d Mysore war), May 13, 1791: BritIsh under Lord Cornwallls defeated Mysore troops, with a loss of 2,000 against a British loss of 500.

Armada, Defeat of the, 1588: The Invincible Armada, a fleet of 130 vessels, was met on July 21 in English Channel by Lord Howard with 30 ships of the English navy and a large volunteer fleet. Many Spanish ships were destroyed, a number were lost off the Scottish and Irish coasts, and some 60 returned to Spain.

Arnee, 1751: 900 British under Clive, with 600 Mahrattas under Basin Rao, defeated a force of 4,800 (300 of whom were Europeans) under the French and captured a convoy of treasure.

Arques, 1589: Huguenots (5,000) under Henri IV. defeated the Leaguers (30,000) under the Duc de Mayenne, who lost about half his army.

Arsouf (3d Crusade), 1192: English under Richard I., after a desperate conflict, routed 300,000 Saracens under Saladin and took possession of the town.

Ascalon (Syria), (1) Aug. 12, 1099: Crusaders defeated the Saracens; (2) Aug. 19, 1153: After seven months' siege, Crusaders took the town; (3) Sept. 4, 1187: Saladin recovered town for Saracens and dismantled it.

Asculum, 49 B. C.: Town occupied by Julius Cæsar in his advance on Rome.

Askuttsik, 1828: Turks (30,000) routed by Russians (17,000), were besieged in the town, and garrison of 50,000 was forced to surrender to Russians in three weeks.

Aspern (Nap.wars), May 21-22, 1809: Nap. (90,000) defeated Austrians (75,000). Each lost 20,000, Aspromonte, Aug. 29, 1862: Italian Royalists defeated the Garibaldians under Garibaldi.

Assandune, 1016: Danes defeated English. Assaye (1st Mahratta war), Sept. 23, 1803: British and native troops under Wellington defeated Dowlut Row Scindhia and Rajah of Berar. Astrakhan, Siege of, 1569: Russian garrison relieved by army sent by Ivan the Terrible, driving off the Turks.

Atahualpa, 1531: Spaniards, with 160 men, fell upon 30,000 Peruvians, 4,000 of whom were butchered, Spaniards lost none.

Atbara, April 8, 1898: British and Egyptians under Lord Kitchener (14,000) routed Mahdists (18,000).

Auerstadt, see Jena.

Auldearn (Eng. civil war), May 9, 1645: Highland Scots under Montrose defeated Covenanters. Aussig, 1426: Hussites defeated Germans. Austerlitz, Dec. 2, 1805: French under Nap. I. (75,000) gained a victory over Russlans (50,000) and Austrians (25,000), who lost 20,000 against a French loss of 5,000.

Ayacucho, Dec. 9, 1824: Patriots (6,000) defeated Spaniards (10,000), who lost 2,100 and 3,500 prisoners against 980 of Patriots.

Badajos, Slege of, Mar. 17-April 6, 1812: British under Wellington captured fortress from garrison of French, Hessians, and Spaniards.

Balaklava (Crimean war), Oct. 25, 1854: Indecisive battle between British under Lord Raglan and the Russians (30,000).

Balkan wars, see table herein on "Cost of Wars."

Ballymore (Irish Rebellion), June 3, 1798: Irish rebels cut to pleces English troops (500). Ballynahinch (Irish Rebellion), June 13, 1798: defeat of rebels.

Bannockburn, June 24, 1314: Scots under Bruce defeated English, with Welsh and Irish auxiliaries, under Edward II.

Barcelona, Slege of. (1) Oct. 3, 1705: British captured town from Spanish garrison; (2) 1706, Archduke Charles besieged in the town by French fleet, but relieved May 11 by British; (3) Sept. 12, 1714, British captured town.

Barnet (Wars of Roses), April 14, 1471: Yorkists gained victory over Lancastrians; 1,000 fell.

Bassano, Siege of, Sept. 8, 1796: French under Nap. defeated Austrians.

Batavia (Java), Siege of, Aug. 26, 1811: British captured town from French and Dutch garrison. Restored to Dutch 1814.

Bautzen, May 20-22, 1813: French under Nap. defeated Prussians and Russians under Blücher.

Bavay, 57 B. C.: Romans under Julius Cæsar (50,000) gained victory over large army of Nervli, Viromandul, and other Gallic tribes.

Baylen (Nap, wars), July 20, 1808: Spaniards defeated French.

French fleet de

Beachy Head, June 30, 1690: feated combined English and Dutch fleets. Beauge (One Hundred Years' war), Mar. 22, 1421: English defeated by Scots.

Beaumont (Franco-Prussian war), Aug. 30, 1870: Germans under Crown Prince of Saxony defeated French under Marshal MacMahon.

Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco-Prussian war), Nov. 28, 1870: Germans repulsed the French with heavy loss.

Belfort (Alsace; Franco-Prussian war), Nov. 3, 1870-Feb. 16, 1871: Germans besteged town: it was bombarded Dec. 3, and surrendered by order

of the French Government; Jan. 15-17, 1871: French attacked the besieging General, but were compelled to retreat.

Belgrade, Siege of, (1) July 22-Sept. 4, 1456: Garrison successfully held out against Turkish army; (2) Aug., 1717: Austrians defeated Turks; (3) 1739: Town was restored to the Porte: 1789: Austrians retook town; (4) 1791: Peace of Sistovia restored it to Turkey; (5) 1806-13: It was occupied by Servians; (6) June, 1862: Bombarded by Turks; (7) 1869: Town was evacuated and became property of Servia.

Belle Isle, (1) Oct. 25, 1747: English fleet met French merchant ships convoyed by nine menof-war, seven of which were captured by English; (2) Nov. 20, 1759: Sir Edw. Hawke with thirtythree sall, defeated French fleet of twenty-six, capturing five ships; (3) June 7, 1761: 8,000 British convoyed by a fleet effected a landing and captured Le Palais; (4, Wars of French Rev.) June 23, 1795: English fleet defeated French, capturing three warships.

Belmont (2d Boer war), Nov. 23, 1899: British drove Boers (3,000) from hill position at loss of 28 officers, 270 men. Boers lost 300 killed.

Beneventum, (1) 275 B. C.: Romans repulsed Pyrrhus with force of Epirots and Italians: (2, 2d Punic war) 214 B. C.: Romans defeated Carthaginians; (3, 2d Punic war) 212 B. C.: Romans defeated Hanno's camp; (4, Itallan wars) Feb. 26, 1266: French defeated Neapolitans.

Beresina, Nov. 28, 1812: The Grande Armée, in retreat from Moscow, under Nap. I. was attacked while crossing river by Russians, losing 36,000 men.

Berestecko, 1653: Poles (100,000) victorious over Tartars (300,000).

Bergen (Seven Years' war), April 13, 1759: French defeated Hanoverians (40,000) who were trying to capture town.

Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of French Rev.), Sept. 19, 1799: British and Russians under Duke of York defeated French, greater part of Russians taken prisoners.

Bergen, Slege of, (1, War of Austr. Suc.) July 15-Sept. 17, 1747: French captured town from Dutch and English garrison. Victors lost 22,000 men, defenders 4,000; (2) Mar. 8, 1814: British (4,000) assalled French garrison (4,500), but retired with loss of 300 killed, 600 wounded, 1,800 prisoners.

Betloca (S. Amer. war Ind.), 1813: Colomblans defeated Spaniards.

Betwa, The (Ind. Mutiny), April 1, 1858: British defeated 20,000 Gwallor and other rebel troops.

Bezetha, Oct., 66: Citizens of Jerusalem defeated Romans, with loss of 6,000 men.

Bhartpur, Siege of, (1, 2d Mahratta war) Jan. 4-April 21, 1805: British, after four unsuccessful attacks on garrison of Rajah, retired with loss of 3,000: (2, 1st Burmese war) Jan. 18, 1826: British, after two months' slege, captured the town. Bibracte, 58 B. C.: Romans under Julius Cæsar gained victory over army of Helvetil. Bithur (Ind. Mutiny), Aug. 16, 1857: British routed and killed 4,000 mutineers.

Blackwater, Aug. 14, 1598: Irish rebels defeated English.

Blenheim, Bavarla (War of Span. Suc.), Aug. 13, 1704: British, German, Danish under Duke Marlborough and Prince of Savoy (55,000) defeated French and Bavarians (60,000). French lost 40,000, including 11,000 prisoners; allies lost 12,000.

Blore Heath (Wars of Roses), Sept. 23, 1459: Yorkists defeated Lancastrians.

Blueberg (Nap. wars), Jan. 8, 1806: British defeated Dutch and French, and occupied town. Borghetto, May 30, 1796: French under Nap. I. forced Austrians to evacuate Peschiera.

Borodino, Sept. 7, 1812: French under Nap. I. (130,000) drove Russians (120,000) from strong position, but later left them in possession of field. French lost 12,000 killed, 38,000 wounded; Russians 15.000 killed, 30,000 wounded, and 2,000 prisoners.

Borysthenes, 1512: Poles defeated Muscovites (80,000) with great slaughter.

Bosworth Field (Wars of Roses), Aug. 22, 1485: Henry VII. defeated Richard III.

Boulogne, Siege of, Sept. 14, 1544: English under Henry VIII., after two months' slege, captured town from French.

Bouvines, July 27, 1214: French defeated Germans, Flemish, and English under Otho IV. Boyne (Eng. Rev.), July 1. 1690: English under William III. defeated Irish under James II. English lost 500, Irish 1,500.

Braddock Down (Eng. civil war), Jan. 19, 1643: Royalists defeated Parliamentarians. Brettenfeld (Thirty Years' war), Nov. 2, 1642: Swedes defeated Austrians with loss of 10,000 men.

Brentford (Eng. civil war), Nov. 12, 1642: Royalists defeated Parliamentarians.

Breslau (Seven Years' war), Nov. 22, 1757: Austrians (90,000) defeated Prussians with a loss of 8,600; Austrian loss 8,000.

Brest, Aug. 10, 1512: English fleet (forty-five ships) defeated French fleet (thirty-nine sail). Brienne (Nap. wars), Jan. 29-30, 1814: French under Nap. I. defeated Russians with loss of 3,000 on each side.

Brihuega (War of Span. Suc.), Dec. 9, 1710: French defeated and captured British force retreating from Madrid.

Brill, Slege of (Netherlands war Ind.), Apr!! 1, 1572: "Beggars of the Sea" (400) captured fortress from Spaniards.

Bucharest (Ottoman wars), 1771: Russians defeated Turks.

Buda (Hungarian Rising of '48): Budapest occupied by Austrians. April, 1849, Hungarians re-entered Pesth; May 4, 1849, lald siege to Buda. Took the fortress Aug., 1849. Austrians again occupied Buda and Pesth.

Buenos Ayres, Siege of (Nap. wars), (1) June 27, 1806: British (1,700) captured city, but were compelled to surrender after short engagement; (2) July 5, 1808: British forced entry, but finally were forced to surrender.

Burgos, 1808: Taken by French under Soult from Spanish; 1812: Unsuccessfully besieged by British under Wellington.

Busaco (Nap. wars), Sept. 27, 1810: BritIsh under Wellington (25,000) defeated French (40,000). French lost 4,500, British 1,300 killed and wounded.

Buxar, Oct. 23, 1764: British and Sepoys (7,000) defeated Nabob of Oude and Mir Casem, who lost 4,000 men and 130 guns, against British 847 killed and wounded.

Byzantium, Slege of, 323: Constantine the Great brought the city to surrender, renaming it Constantinople.

Cadesia, 636: King of Persia (120,000) defeated by Saracens (30,000). Saracens lost 7,500. Cadiz, April 19, 1587: English under Sir Francis Drake (thirty to forty ships) blockaded town and destroyed Spanish fleet of one hundred. Cadsand (One Hundred Years' war), Nov. 10, 1337: 2,500 English defeated 5,000 Flemings in French service.

Cairo, (1) 1517: Turks captured town from Egyptians. They massacred 50,000 inhabitants and annexed Egypt to Ottoman Empire; (2) July 23. 1798: Taker by French under Nap.; taken by British and Turks June 27, 1801; 6,000 French capitulated.

Calafat, Siege of (Crimean war), Feb.-May,. | 1854: Turks (30,000) repulsed Russians (40,000), who lost 20,000 men against Turkish 12,000.

Calais, Siege of, (1, One Hundred Years' war) Aug. 1, 1346-Aug. 29, 1347: English captured fortress; (2) Jan. 1-8, 1558: Duke of Gulse captured town from English.

Calcutta, Siege of, June 16-20, 1756: Nawab of Bengal attacked and captured town owing to desertion of military commandant and Governor. An assault was repulsed with loss of 95. Remaining 146 surrendered and were imprisoned over night in a small prison room, "the Black Hole of Calcutta," and only 23 survived till morning.

Caldiero (Nap. wars), (1) Nov. 11, 1796: Austrians inflicted on Nap. I. first reverse in Italian campaign. He lost 3,000 men; (2) Nov. 30, 1800: French (50,000) gained advantage over Austrians (80,000), the former losing 4,000, and the latter 3,000 and 8,000 prisoners.

Brit

Calicut (2d Mysore war), Dec. 10, 1790: Ish defeated Mysore troops with loss of 1,000 killed and wounded and 2,400 prisoners. lost 52 men.

British

Calpulalpam, Dec. 20, 1860: Mexican Liberals under Juarez defeated Government troops.

Candia, Slege of, 1648: Turks commenced blockade against Venetians. Slege lasted twenty years, ending in surrender by Morosini.

Cannae (2d Punic war), 216 B. C.: Carthaginians (50,000) under Hannibal defeated Romans (90,000).

Cape Finisterre (War of Austr. Suc.), (1) May 3, 1747: British fleet of fourteen ships defeated French fleet of ten sall; (2) Oct. 14, 1747: British fleet (14) defeated French (9), British lost 600 killed and wounded; (3, Nap. wars) Juiy 22, 1805: Indecisive action between British (15) and French and Spanish fleet (20).

Cape Passaro (War of Quadruple Alliance), July 31, 1718: British fleet of twenty-one sall destroyed Spanish fleet, eighteen ships.

Cape St. Vincent, (1) June 17, 1693: English and Dutch merchant ships being convoyed to Mediterranean were forced to retreat before a French fleet, which captured and destroyed many of the merchantmen; (2, Wars of French Rev.) Feb. 14, 1797: British fleet, twenty vessels, defeated Spaniards (thirty-eight sail), taking four ships and 3,000 prisoners.

Carabobo (S. Amer. war Ind.), (1) May 28, 1814: 5,000 men under Bolivar defeated 6,000 Spaniards; (2) June 24, 1821: Bolivar (8,000) routed Spaniards (4,000).

Carthagena, S. Amer., Mar. 9-April 9, 1741: Unsuccessfully blockaded by British fleet, who lost 3,000 men.

Carthago Nova (2d Punic war), 209 B. C.: Romans took city.

Cassano (War of Span. Suc.), Aug. 16, 1705: Imperialists defeated French.

Castalla (Nap. wars), April 13, 1813: Allied troops under Sir John Murray defeated French. Castiglione, (1, War Span. Suc.) Sept. 8, 1706: French defeated Imperialists; (2, Nap. Ital. Camp.) Aug. 3-5, 1796: French under Nap. I. victorious over Austrians.

Castillon (One Hundred Years' war), July 17, 1453: English defeated by French.

Cawnpore (Ind. Mutiny): British garrison held town June 6-24, 1857, against mutineers. Dec. 6, 1857, British defeated 25,000 rebels.

Chacabuco (S. Amer. war Ind.), Feb. 12, 1817: Chileans under Gen. O'Higgins defeated Spaniards.

Chaeronea, (1) 338 B. Č.: Philip of Macedonia defeated Athenians and Thebans; (2) 86 B. C.: Sulla (30,000) defeated troops of Pontus (90,000). Champaubert (Nap. wars), Feb. 10, 1814: Nap. I. routed a division of Blücher's army. Feb. 11 he defeated another division. Feb. 13 he defeated a third (30,000 Russians and Prussians), and the following day encountered the main body, which was compelled to retire with a loss of 3,000 men.

Chanda, Siege of (3d Mahratta war), May 9-12, 1818: British took the fortress from Rajah of Nagpur.

Chandernagore, Slege of (Seven Years' war), Mar. 14-24, 1757: Clive, assisted by three ships, took town from garrison of French and Sepoys. It was restored 1763; taken and restored, 1783; retaken 1793; given up to French, 1816.

Chateauneuf-Raudon, Slege of (One Hundred Years' war), 1380: English garrison surrendered to French.

Chemulpo (Russo-Jap. war), Feb. 8, 1904: Japanese squadron convoying transports defeated a Russian cruiser and gunboat. (First action of the war.)

Cheriton (Eng. civil war), Mar. 29, 1644: Between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Chiari, Sept. 1, 1701: Austrians defeated French.

Chilllanwallah (2d Sikh war), Jan. 13, 1849: British defeated 40,000 Sikhs.

Chingleput, Slege of: Town and fortress captured from French by Clive, 1752; 1780 It was besieged by Hyder All, but relieved by Sir Edward Eyre Coote, Jan., 1781.