COMPILED FROM THE CODES OR REVISED STATUTES OF THE WITHIN the limits of the subjoined table showing the penalties prescribed by the respective States for the offences enumerated it is Impossible to attain complete accuracy in comparing the several penalties, for the reason that the provisions of the several States defining these very familiar crimes are not identical. Especially is this true in regard to crimes classified in degrees, some States making but little attempt in that direction, leaving it to the discretion of the trial court to adapt the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the offence, while other States provide a minute classification into degrees, depending on the several possible circumstances attending the commission of the crime.

Murder in the First Degree-in the table below-may be generally defined to be the unlawful intentional and premeditated killing of a human being, or such a killing resulting from the commission or attempt to commit one of the graver crimes such as arson, burglary, rape or robbery. Murder in the Second Degree is such a killing without premeditation, or resulting from the attempt to commit some lesser crime.

Manslaughter may be defined as a killing either unintentionally resulting from the careless or unlawful doing of some otherwise lawful act or from the commission of some unlawful act of comparatively trivial character, or intentionally, in the heat of passion and without premeditation. Arson-where classified in degrees-though the number and exact definition of degrees varies greatly is in general classified with reference to two conditions. First, the character of the building burned, whether a dwelling house or structure likely to or containing a human being; and, second, whether the crime is perpetrated by day or night. Thus the most serious offence is the burning of en inhabited dwelling by night, and the least serious, the burning of an uninhabited structure by day. Often intermediate degrees are recognized, such as burning a dwelling by day or an uninhabited building by night. Burglary The classification of burglary or house breaking depends on substantially the same Manslaughter.

STATE.

1 Alabama..

2 Alaska.. 3 Arizona.

4 Arkansas.
5 California..

6 Colorado.

7 Connecticut 8 Delaware..

Murder.

Assault with
Intent to Kill

2-20

Death or not less than 10 1-15

Not over 12 months

1-15

5 up to life imprisonment

Not less than 5

3-21

Not less than 1

3-14

5-21

1-21

Death or
life im-

Not less than 10

Not over
10

1-14

Not less than 10 up to life

1-8

Not over
1

1-14

SEVERAL STATES AS AMENDED BY SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATION.

elements as that of arson, namely the building entered, whether a dwelling or other building, and whether the offence was committed by day or night.

Robbery may be generally defined as the theft of property from the person or immediate presence of the victim, accomplished by force or fear. Where degrees of robbery are recognized, the distinction is generally determined by whether the thief be armed or unarmed, though some States also distinguish the second from the first degree, where the theft is accomplished by means of threats of future rather than immediate injury.

Grand Larceny is simple theft, of property above a fixed value, generally $25 to $50-most States also classify as grand larceny theft of property from the person of the victin irrespective of value, though of course, accomplished without the force or fear which constitute the crime of robbery. Assault with intent to kill, bigamy, forgery, perjury and rape, are not subdivided into degrees in the subjoined table.

Where crimes are divided into several degrees it is generally within the province of the jury in convicting, to fix the degree of the crime, and in almost every case in which a crime is punishable by death or Imprisonment, It is the province of the jury to determine the punishment, except upon a plea of guilty, when the duty devolves upon the Court.

Where the classification of a crime in a particular State does not approximately agree with the definitions given above, note is made of the fact.

The District of Columbia has no distinct penal code, but in general the provisions given in the table for Alaska would apply.

NOTE In the table below, after the figures given, "years" is understood, unless otherwise stated. Where two figures are given, separated by a dash, as 1-7, the provision should be understood as "not less than one year nor more than seven," where a sum of money is given in the table the provision should be understood as meaning a fine of not exceeding the sum mentioned.

(a) Alabama-Perjury on trial of a felony (3-20 years). (b) Alaska-(rape of daughter, sister or female under 12 years) life imprisonment. (c) Alaska-(perjury in trial of capital offence 2-20 years). (d) Connecticut-The punishment of larceny of over $2,000 is not more than 20 years; the figure given in the table is larceny of over $50 and below $2,000 in value. (e) In Delaware, besides imprisonment and graduated fines, the pillory or whipping or both are prescribed for most of the offences scheduled. (1) In Florida the punishment for a lesser degree of arson is not over 10 years and for a lesser degree of burglary not over 5 years. (g) In Georgia various grades of larceny are recognized, for theft of horses, cattle, etc. (h) Also fine not over twice value of property destroyed or stolen. (1) Assault with intent to rape punishable by not over 20 years, lesser assault by not over 5 years. (1) Iowa recognizes two lesser degrees of arson punishable respectively by not over 20 years and not over 15 years, according to the definition given above. (k) In Iowa perjury on trial of capital offence is punishable by not less than 10 years-up to life.

(1) In Kansas lesser

EXPLANATORY NOTES-Continued. See following page also.

degrees of robbery are punishable (5-10) and (not over 5). (m) Two lesser degrees of arson are recognized in Kansas. (n) Theft of horses or cattle punishable by not over 7 years. (0) KansasPerjury on trial of capital offence or felony (not less than 7). (p) In Louisiana lesser degree arson punishable (7-20). (q) In Louisiana lesser degree of burglary punishable (not over 10). (r) In Maine a lesser degree of arson is punishable (1-10). (s) In Maine a lesser degree of burglary is punishable (not over 5). (t) In Maine perjury on trial of crime punishable by life imprisonment is punishable (not less than 10). (u) And restoration of property stolen or its value. (v) In Massachusetts 3 lesser degrees of robbery are punishable respectively (not over 20) (any term of years) (not over 10). (w) In Massachusetts perjury in trial of capital offence is punishable by life imprisonment or any term of years. (x) In Michigan perjury on trial of capital offence is punishable by life imprisonment or any term of years. (y) In Minnesota, murder in the first degree may be Dunished by life imprisonment in the discretion of the Court for exceptional circumstance-murder

CRIMES AND THEIR PENALTIES-EXPLANATORY NOTES-Concluded.

In the third degree is punishable (7-30 years). (z) In Minnesota, a third degree of arson is punIshable (not over 7) and perjury on trial of a felony (2-10). (aa) In Mississippi, third degree arson is punishable (7-10). (bb) In Mississippi, perjury on trial of felony or capital offence is punishable (not less than 10). (cc) Missouri defines four degrees of manslaughter. (dd) In Missouri larceny of horse is punishable (not over 7). (ee) In Missouri perjury on trial of felony or capital offence is punishable (not less than 7). (f) In Nevada robbery in a railroad train may be punished with death. (gg) In Nevada, rape accompanied with extreme violence and great bodily Injury, is punishable by death or not less than 20 years, in the discretion of the jury. (hh) In Nevada arson is also punishable by fine not over $10,000 and not over twice value of property destroyed. (1) In New Hampshire a lesser degree of burglary is punishable (not over 5) and larceny of horses or cattle (not over 7). (j) In New York perjury on trial of a felony is punishable (not more than 20). (kk) In North Carolina larceny in aggravated cases (or habitual offenders) is punishable (not over 10). (11) In North Dakota third degree arson is punishable (4-7), lesser degrees of burglary (1-5) (1-3) and perjury on trial of a felony (not less than 10). (mm) In Oklahoma perjury on trial of a felony is punishable (10-20). (nn) In Oregon third degree arson is punishable (3-10), third degree burglary (2-5) and perjury on trial of capital offence (5-20). (00) In South Dakota arson in the third and fourth degrees is punishable (4-7) and (1-4) years respectively, burglary in the third and fourth degrees (not over 5) and (not over 3) years respectively, and perjury on the trial of a felony (1-20), and second degree robbery (1-7). (pp) In Tennessee third degree burglary is punishable (3-15). (qq) In Texas assault with a dagger is punishable with double penalty shown above. Horse theft is punishable (5-15). Robbery accomplished by means of deadly weapons is punIshable (death or not less than 5). (rr) In Utah burglary accomplished by dynamite or other explosive is punishable (25-40). (ss) In Virginia lesser degrees of arson are punishable (3-10) and perjury on trial of a felony (2-10). (tt) In West Virginia lesser degrees of arson are punishable (3-10) and lesser degrees of burglary (1-10). Perjury on trial of a felony is punishable (1-10). (uu) In Wisconsin third degree murder is punishable (7-14) and third and fourth degrees of manslaughter (2-4) and (1-2) years respectively. Lesser degrees of arson are punishable (3-10) (1-15) and (1-8) years respectively. Burglary accomplished by means of explosives is punishable (15-46) years and the lowest degrees of burglary by (1-10) and (1-3) years respectively. Perjury on trial of offence punishable by life imprisonment is punishable (3-15) years. (vv) In Wyoming burglary accomplished by means of explosives is punishable (not over 20).

Lynchings-The total number of lynchings in the United States from 1885 to October 1, 1914, was 3,485. In 1914 to October 1 there were 27 lynchings, of which 25 occurred in the South and 2 in the North: 24 were males, and 3 females. Of the lynched, 22 were negroes, and 5 whites. The offences for which they were lynched were: Murder, 19; rape, 3; murderous assault, 2; unnamed, 2; theft, 1. The States in which the lynchings occurred and the number in each were as follows: Alabama, 1; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 1: Louisiana, 7; Mississippi, 3; Missouri, 3: New Mexico, 1; North Carolina, 1; Oklahoma, 3; Oregon, 1; South Carolina, 1; Texas, 4.

Legal Executions-In 1908 to November 15 there were 92, in 1909 there were 107, in 1910 there were 104, in 1911 there were 61, in 1912 to November 15 there were 128, in 1913 to November 12 there were 81, in 1914 to October 1 there were 59, of which 25 were in the South and 34 in the North. 43 were whites, and 16 negroes. All were males. The crimes for which they were executed were: Murder, 57; rape, 2. The States in which the executions in 1914 to October 1 took place, and the number in each, were as follows: Arizona, 1; Arkansas, 4; California, 4; Connecticut, 4; Florida, 1; Georgia, 9; Illinois, 1; Indiana, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Mississippi, 5: Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 3; New York, 12; North Carolina, 2; Pennsylvania, 6; South Carolina, 1; Texas, 1; Vermont, 1

AMERICAN HUMANE ASSOCIATION.

A federation of societies and individuals "for the prevention of cruelty, especially cruelty to children and animals.'' The officers are: President-Dr. William O. Stillman, Albany, N. Y. Secre tary-N. J. Walker, Albany, N. Y. Treasurer-Edgar McDonald, Brooklyn, N. Y.

CRIMES IN THREE LARCE CITIES.

In a statement made by the Chairman of a special Council committee in Chicago on September 17. 1914, the following comparison for year 1913 was made: Murders-Chicago, 262; New York, 131: London, 36. Robberies and assaults to rob-Chicago, 1,022; New York, 926; London, 78. Burglaries-Chicago, 1,041; New York, 1,755; London, 1,129.

In 1913 in New York City there were 7,413 delinquent boys and 1.606 girls arraigned in the Manhattan court. Of the 4,645 in Brooklyn, 3,886 were boys and 759 girls. Queens had 610 boys and 148 girls; Richmond, 295 boys and 110 girls.