214 American Society for Judicial Settlement of International Disputes CORPORATION PENSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. THE following table shows the estimated number of employés on the following roads now having pension systems in force. In general all the roads here shown base their pensions on a percentage of the employé's wages, multiplied by the number of years that he has been in service. For example, the rate on the Pennsylvania is 1 per cent. A man having worked 40 years received s pension equal to 40 per cent. of his average salary for the 10 years preceding retirement. Most companies include in their rules a reservation of the right to vary the rate of pensions if the total requirements of any one year shall demand more than a predetermined gross amount. All of the companies in counting time include years of service under other companies bought by or consolidated with the present one. Short breaks in the service not due to any fault of the employé, or due to a minor fault involving suspensions, are generally overlooked. For year ending June 30, 1913, the following pensions were paid by the railroads named: Atchlson, Topeka & Santa Fé, $77,204; Baltimore & Ohio, $212, 645; Boston & Maine, $93,087; New York Rallways, $7.472. The U. S. Steel Corporation dedicated $8,000,000 for a fund with which to pension superannuated and disabled employés. This fund has been consolidated with the $4,000,000 fund created by Andrew Carnegie after he sold out his holdings in the Carnegie Steel Company to the U. S. Steel Corporation. The fund is known as "The United States Steel and Carnegie Pension Fund." The Western Union Telegraph Company, on January 1, 1913, established a Plan for Employés Pensions, Disability Benefits and Insurance, setting aside a fund of $1,000,000 for the purpose. Pensions are classified according to age and length of service. The minimum pension is $20 per month, except when otherwise directed. In cases of disability from sickness, full pay and half pay is allowed for various periods, depending upon length of service; provision is also made for disability resulting from accidents and for life insurance benefits, the amount of insurance depending upon length of service. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES. The American Society for Judicial Settlement of International Disputes was formed In 1910 for the purpose of promo.ing the establishment of a judicial tribunal which would perform for the nations of the civilized world a similar service to that which is given by ordinary courts to Individuals, and of encouraging recourse to such a tribunal after its establishment. During this period annual conferences have been held, the printed proceedings of which have been a valuable acquisition to libraries and to all Interested in the development of judicial settlement and of international law; men of distinguished ability and unquestioned influence contributed the papers, some of which have been voluntarily translated into French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Quarterly pamphlets, each containing an appropriate monograph by some acknowledged authority on subjects tending to advance the purpose of the society, have been issued, not only to members, but to a carefully selected list of 30,000 names, including the leading law schools and universities throughout the world. A copy of all publications is sent to the foreign office of every nation and to the heads of foreign legations in Washington. There is a widespread and growing Interest in the work of the society; hardly a day passes without requests, not only from America but from many parts of the world for coples of the pamphlets, which are always sent free of charge. The officers and Executive Committee are much gratified at the interest awakened by their efforts, but are obliged to issue an earnest appeal for contributing members in order to continue the work on the present scale. The object of the founders of the society was to give it a large following, and so there were three classes of membership established (life, sustaining, and annual), with equal privileges, leaving each member to determine what he would give, and in order that it might be beyond the reach of none, the subscription for annual membership was fixed at one dollar. At the same time, in order to obtain a more adequate income, a sustaining membership at ten dollars a year was established. President-Charles W. Ellot, Cambridge, Mass. Vice-President-Theodore Marburg. Secretary-James B. Scott, Washington, D. C. Assistant Secretary-Tunstall Smith, Baltimore, Md. Treasurer-J. G. Schmidlapp, Cincinnati, Ohlo. Life membership, $100; sustaining membership, $10 a year; annual membership, $1 a year. Railroad Speed. RAILROAD SPEED. NOTABLE FAST RUNS OF PASSENGER TRAINS FOR LONG DISTANCES. INCLUSIVK. Dis- Miles June, 1905. Pennsylvania... June, 1905. New York Central Oct., 1905. Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & C.. Feb., 1911. Pennsylvania......... *Including stops. Excluding stops. DATE. FASTEST RECORDED RUNS FOR SHORT DISTANCES. Railroad. May, 1893. N. Y. Central & H. R. Jan., 1903 N. Y. Central & H. R... Terminals. Crittenden-"Empire State Exp." Run from Fleming to Jacksonville. Egg Harbor -Brigantine Junction. Dis Miles Thine, tance, M. S. Miles. per Hour. The fastest time on record for a distance of over 140 miles was inade by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R.R. from Buffalo to Chicago, in June, 1905, noted above. The fastest long-distance run less than 440 miles was on the New York Central R.R. September 11, 1895, from New York to Buffalo, 436 1-2 miles, in 407 minutes actual time. Average speed, 64 1-3 miles an hour, with two stops and 28 slow-ups, and on January 1, 1903, from Albany to Buffalo, 302 miles, in 295 minutes. Among the fastest regular trains in the United States, for a shorter distance, are believed to be the New York Central "Empire State Express," between New York and Albany, 143 miles in 175 minutes, and the "Congressional Limited," on the Pennsylvania Railroad, which makes the run from Jersey City to Washington in 4 hours 46 minutes, a distance of 227 miles. The "Pennsylvania Special" over P. R. R. which runs from Jersey City to North Philadelphia, 84 miles in 83 minutes; from Jersey City to Harrisburg, Pa., 194 miles in 196 minutes. The Royal Blue Line from New York to Philadelphia (Reading Terminal) 91.1 miles in 1 hour, 50 minutes. On November 25, 1913, a special trin, consisting of a locomotive and two cars, rau from Washington, D. C., to Jersey City, 27 miles, in four hours, the fastest trip ever made between the two cities. On August 15, 1898, on P. & R. and C. R. R. of N.J., "Royal Blue Liue," between Elizabeth, N. J., and Jenkintown, a distance of 69 miles, in 61 minutes, including 2 slow-ups, some of the miles being traversed in 38 seconds. Other notable long-distance fast rune: February 14-15, 1897-Pennsylvania Railroad and C., B. and Q., Jersey City to Denver, 1,937 miles, in 48 hours; average speel, 40.3 miles per hour. August 29-31, 1891-Canadian Pacific, Vancouver to Brockville, 2,502 miles, in 7 hours 9 minutes; average speel, 36.32 miles per hour. The Jarrett and Palmer special theatrical train, Jersey City to Oakland (San Francisco), 3,311 miles, June, 1876, 83 hours 45 minutes; average speel, 39.53 miles per hour. In October, 1905, the "Harriman Special" made the run from Oakland to Jersey City (3,239 miles) in 73 hours, 19 minutes, or 41.30 miles per hour. In May, 1906, the "Harriman Special" made the run from Oakland, Cal., to New York City in 71 hours 27 minutes. The "Scott Special" left Los Angeles, Cal., July 9, 1905, and arrived in Chicago (2,415.5 miles), July 11, having made the run in 14 hours 54 minutes, maintaining an average speed while in motion of 51 miles an hour. On November 15, 1907. at Clas ton, N. J., in a triil test on Pennsylvania R. R. between steam and electric locomotives, the steam engine made 93.6 miles an hour on a specially built seven mile curved track, while the electric locomotive made but 90 miles an hour. A special train of an engine and two cars, which was run in January, 1911, to carry J. P. Morgan from Washington to New York over the Pennsylvania Railroad, ma le the trip of 226.8 miles in 3 hours, 55 minutes and 30 se onds, or at the rate of 57.8 miles an hour. The speed over the New York division, West Phila lelphia to New York, 90.5 miles, averaged 67 miles an hour. In February, 1911, the "Gates Special," from Yuma, Ariz., to New York, 2,787 miles, made the run in 74 hours 19 minutes, or an average of 40.41 miles per hour, including stops. From Albany to New York the trip, 143 miles, was made in 143 minutes. A remarkable record was made in the run of a silk train between Seattle and New York in October, 1911. The distance is 3,178 miles, and the tim made $24 hours. The averag ped all the way across the continent, including stops and a delay of more than two hours in switching at Chicago, was 38 miles per hour. SOME FOREIGN RAILWAY RUNS. The Northern Railway runs a day express from Berlin to Paris, which covers the distance from Paris to St. Quentin (9614 miles) in 93 minutes. The Eistern Railway Company has an afternoon express from Paris to Basel, which runs the first 101 37 miles in 107 minutes. The fastest train in Germany is the so-called "D-Zug 20" between Berlin and Hamburg, which maintains an average speed of 55.177 miles per hour. (U. S. Consular Report.) RAILROAD EQUIPMENT. Weight and horse-power of different types of locomotives, including the modern electric tractor, and also the weight, size and cost of freight cars, ordinary coaches, parlor and sleeping cars. RECENT HEAVY LOCOMOTIVES. TYPE. Triplex.. Mallet. Mallet.. Mikados. Total Weight on Diameter Heating Weight. Drivers. of Drivers. Surface. (Pounds.) (Pounds.) (Inches.) | (Sq. Ft.) 853,050 761,600 63 6,886 6,579 87,600 322,000 245,000 56,050 878,700 301.800 71,500 55,900 58,000 Pennsylvania..... 293,200 189,500 80 3,680 26x26 38,400 Pennsylvania.... 240,000 133,100 80 2,856 234x26 29,427 222,000 173,500 69 2,400 23x28 36,500 202, 500 202,500 51 3.332 166,000 166,000 63 BalticT.... This is the largest and most powerful locomotive ever built and is the so-called Triplex Compound, which was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Erie Railroad and was completed in April, 1914. This is a new type of articulated locomotive and goes beyond the Mallet articulated type by the addition of another pair of cylinders and another group of driving wheels, making three complete engines in one locomotive unit. Each engine has four driving wheels on each side, the complete locomotive, therefore, having twelve driving wheels on each side, eight of which are under the locomotive Itself and four under the tender. This Triplex locomotive has 89 per cent, of the total weight of the engine and tender on drivers. The large Mallet locomotives have but about 65 per cent. of the total weight on drivers. This locomotive is used for pusher service on the eight-mile grade of the Erie east of Susquehanna, Pa. This is a grade of 56 feet to a mile and the new locomotive handles the same weight of train up this grade that was formerly handled by two Cousolidation and one Mallet engines. This is the largest non-articulated locomotive ever built, One of the most powerful passenger locomotives recently built is the Mountain type locomotive built in 1913 for the Missouri Pacific. This Mountain type locomotive replaced a Pacific type locomotive, which was frequently aided by a pusher. The new locomotive can take a passenger train weighing 820 tons (from 12 to 14 cars) up a grade of more than 100 feet to the mile. This is from 50 to 75 per cent, a heavier train than it was possible to haul with the type of locomotive which was replaced. These are now considered the standard locomotives for heavy freight and passenger service under ordinary conditions. The Mikado is replacing the old Consolidation locomotive in freight service. The Pacific type is for heavy fast passenger business. This is the largest passenger locomotive in Europe. (a) Tractive Effort.-This is the effort exerted by a locomotive in turning its wheels by the action of the steam against the pistons which, through the media of the crossheads. rods, etc., causes them to revolve and the locomotive to move along the rails. The drawbar pull which a locomotive actually exerts at any given time depends upon its speed upon grades and other things. The formula for a simple locomotive for the tractive effort is T 0.85 PX CX S D where T-tractive effort in pounds, P= boiler pressure in pounds per square inch, C-diameter of cylinders in inches, S=stroke of piston in inches, D= diameter of driving wheels in inches. HEAVY ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES. D. C. A. C. A. C. *This is the newest type of electric locomotive in use and is an eight-motor articulated 600-volt locomotive. Includes weight of electric locomotive. Dvelops 40,000 tractive power up to 6 miles per hour. The engine is for switching service aud is unique in having a centre cab control. TYPE. Service. APPROXIMATE COST OF LOCOMOTIVES. ΤΥΡΙ. Atlantic.. Switching. Type. Service. Average Weight Cust Passenger. 184,000 195,000 $15,000 15,500 Pacific.. Passenger. 280,000 23,000 FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. (Report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Department of Commerce.) EXPORTS. MERCHANDISE AND SPECIE EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1914. *Total value automobiles, and parts of, exported in 1912, $25,657,294; in 1913, $31,253,533; in 1914, 33,198.806. +Does not include fuel or bunker coal laden on vessels in the foreign trade which aggregated during 1914, 7,811,913 tons, valued at $25,571,487. IMPORTS. MERCHANDISE AND SPECIE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1914. FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES-C‹ntinued. VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE, 1901-1914. 1914 2,329,684,025 34.895,123 2,364,679,1481,893,925,657 351,090,880 The imports and exports of specie are not included in the above table, VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM THE UNITED STATES DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1914. The Republic of Panama has a total area of 32,380 square miles with a population of 419,029 people, and is over five hundred miles in length and varies from thirty-seven to one hundred and ten miles in width. It lies between Costa Rica and Colombia, with the Caribbean Sea on the north Panama and Pacific Ocean on the south. The Panama Canal Zone runs across this republic. has a single republican form of government with the regular division into legislative, executive and judicial branches. There are seven provinces: Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Veraguas, Colon, Los The capital city is Panama. Panama has Santos, Cocle, and Panama as political subdivisions. no navy and no army, but has a National police corps of one thousand men. A steam launch serves The commerce of 1913 was as follows: Imports, $10,400,000: the purpose of a revenue cutter. exports, $2,467,556. Panama has two hundred and two miles of railroads in operation, ninety-six A contract has been let for a wireless station at post-offices, and thirty-seven telegraph offices. In 1912 there were 364 schools Colon. There are excellent educational advantages in the republic. having an attendance of 14,511 pupils. |