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THE PANAMA CANAL TOLL RATES Continued.

3. Upon naval vessels, other than transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, Afty (50) cents per displacement ton.

4. Upon Army and Navy transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, one dollar and twenty cents ($1.20) per net ton, the vessels to be measured by the same rules as are employed in determining the net tonnage of merchant vessels.

The Secretary of War will prepare and prescribe such rules for the measurement of vessels and such regulations as may be necessary and proper to carry this proclamation into full force and effect. Washington, D. C., November 14, 1912.

As tolls are payable on the net tonnage of the vessel and are not affected by the quantity or kinds of cargo she carries, it is impracticable to state what the rate of freight on particular classes of goods shipped through the Panama Canal will be. This would seem to be a matter that will be determined, to a large extent, by future events, and, in any case, information in reference thereto should be secured from steamship interests.

The Panama Canal act of 1912, providing for the permanent government of the Canal Zone and other regulations, was amended in a bill signed by the President on June 15, 1914, known as the "Panama Tolls Exemption Repeal bill." whereby the clause exempting American coastwise vessels from paying tolls was repealed. Full text of the Panama Canal act of 1912 was printed in the 1914 edition of THE WORLD ALMANAC.

PANAMA CANAL NEUTRAL.

ALL NAVIES OF THE WORLD MAY USE IT DURING WAR..

It is provided by treaties that the Panama Canal, like the Suez Canal, shall remain absolutely neutral. It shall be free and open to the vessels of commerce and war of all nations and shall never be blockaded, nor shall any right of war be exercised nor any act of hostility be committed within it." Strict rules of neutrality have been devised for the passage of war vessels of the nations engaged in conflict. The warships will be compelled to pass through with the least possible delay and with only such intermissions as may result from the necessities of the service.

No belligerent may "embark or disembark troops, munitions of war or warlike materials in the Canal, except in the case of accidental hindrance of the transit, and in such case the transit shall be resumed with all possible despatch."

The treaty provides that no warship will have the right to exercise the law of search on a commercial ship in transit through the Canal and the provision likewise protects all ships within three marine miles of either terminal.

Ships carrying contraband either in the Atlantic or Pacific do so at their own risk, but warships may not remain in the three-mile zone longer than twenty-four hours, and the treaty stipulates that a vessel of one belligerent shall not depart within twenty-four hours from the departure of a vessel of war of the other belligerent."

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES.

ADDITIONS to the original territory of the Union, include Alaska, Hawaiian and Philippine Islands, Samoa and Guam, in the Pacific, and Porto Rico and Pine Islands, in the West Indies, and the Panama Canal Zone. The area of the original thirteen States (years 1783-1817) comprised 892,135 square miles.

The additions to the territory of the United States subsequent to the peace treaty with Great Britain of 1783 are shown by the following table:

ADDITIONS TO THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1800 TO 1900.

Area

TERRITORIAL DIVISION. Year Added. 8. Miles.

Area
TERRITORIAL DIVISION. Year Added.
S. Miles.

Ares

TERRITORIAL DIVISION. Year Added. S. Miles. 68

Louisiana purchase. 1803 827,987 Gadsden purchase... 1853 29,670 Addit'nal Philippines 1901 Gained through Alaska..... 1857 590,884 Panama Canal Zone. 1904 436 treaty with Spain 1819 13,435 Hawaiian Islands. 1898 6,449 Florida.. 1819 58, 666 Porto Rico........ 1898 1845 389,166 Guam 1398

Texas

Oregon

Mexican cession.

3, 435
210

1846 286,541 Philippine Islands... 1898 114, 958
1848 529,189 Samoa...

1899

77

Total added area. Total United States including original 13 States, 3,743,306

2851.171

Payments for above were made by the United States as follows: Louisiana purchase, $15,440,000; Gadsden purchase, $10,000,000; Alaska. $7,200,000; Florida, $5,000,000; Hawaiian Islands, pub lic debt assumed to the amount of $4,000,000,

By treaty of February 2, 1848, a payment of $8.250,000 was made to Mexico in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States, as defined in that treaty.

The treaty of Paris, of December 10, 1898, terminating the Spanish-American war, provided for a money payment to Spain (for relinquishing claim to Porto Rico, Guam and Philippine Islands) of $20,000,000, and a subsequent treaty of November 7, 1900, provided for a further payment of $100,000 for other Philippine Islands.

By the first treaty the Philippine Islands were ceded to the United States, and the later treaty of November 7, 1900, ceded certain outlying islands of the Philippines not included in the first cession. A payment of $10,000,000 was made to the Republic of Panama under treaty stipulations governing the control of the Panama Canal strip.

No money payments were made upon the acquisition of the other territories mentioned in the list.

The United States did not acquire, by the Isthmian Canal Convention of November 18, 1903, any title to territory in the Republic of Panama, but merely a perpetual right of occupation, use, and control of and over a zone of land teu iniles in width. For this privilege it paid to the Republic of Panama the sum of $10,000,000, and undertook to pay the sum of $250,000 annually so long as such occupancy continued, such payments beginning on February 26, 1913.

Ensular Possessions of the United States.

THE PHILIPPINES.

THE Philippine group, lying off the southern coast of Asia, extending almost due north and south from Formosa to Borneo and the Moluccas, between longitude 1160 40 and 1260 34', and latitude 40 40 and 210 10 approximately number about 3,141 islands and islets, of which 1,668 are listed by name, while 1,473 are, so far as known, without names. The actual land area is about 115,026 square miles. The six New England States, New York, and New Jersey have about an equal area The island of Luzon, on which the capital city (Manila) is situated, is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest member of the group, being about the size of the State of New York. Mindanao is nearly as large, but its population is very much smaller. There are two islands with areas exceeding 10,000 square miles each, namely, Luzon with 40,969, and Mindanao with 36,292. There are nine Islands each of which has an area of more than 1,000 square miles and less than 10,000. There are twenty between 100 and 1.000 square miles, seventy-three between 10 and 100 square miles, and two hundred and sixty-two between 1 and 10 square miles. The remaining number. 2,775, or seveneighths of all, have areas less than a square mile each. The areas of the largest islands are: Luzon, 40,969; Mindanao, 36, 292; Samar, 5,031; Panay, 4,611; Mindoro,3,851, Leyte, 2,722; Negros, 4,881; Cebú, 1,762.

The islands with large populations are: Luzon, with 3,798,507 inhabitants, of whom 223,506 are uncivilized; Panay, 743,646 (14.933 uncivilized): Cebú, 592,247 (all civilized); Mindanao, 499,634 (252,940 uncivilized); Negros, 460, 776 (21,217 uncivilized); Leyte, 357,641 (all civilized); Bohol, 243,148 (all civilized); Samar, 222,690, (688 uncivilized). The capital of the Archipelago is Manila, with 234,409 inhabitants. Other towns are: In Luzon, Bauan (39,094), Lipa (37,934), Laoag (34,454), Batangas (33, 131), San Carlos (27,166), Tabaco (21.946); in Samar, Calbayog (15,895); in Panay, Janiuay (20,738), Miagao (20,656), Iloilo (19.054); in Cebu, Argao (35,448), Cebu (31,079), Barili (31,617), Carcar (31,895), Sibonga (25,848); in Leyte, Baybay (22,990), Ormoc (16,128).

A census of the Philippines was taken by the United States Government in 1903 under the auspices of the Census Office. The population returned was 7,635,426. Of this number almost seven millions are more or less civilized. The wild tribes form about 9 per cent. of the entire population. Racially the inhabitants are principally Malays The civilized tribes are practically all adherents of the Catholic Church, the religion being that introduced into the country by the Spaniards when they took possession of the islands in 1565. The Church has since then been a strong ruling power and the priesthood is numerous. The Moros are Mohammedans and the other wild peoples have no recognized religious beliefs. The total number of non-Christian peoples is 647,740.

The density of population in the Philippines is 67 per square mile. In Continental United States it is 26 per square mile. Foreigners number about 50,000, of whom nearly three-fourths are Chinese. Exclusive of the army there are 8, 135 Americans in the islands, nearly one-half being located in the city of Manila. There are about twenty-five different tribes in the islands, speaking fifteen or sixteen distinct dialects, the largest tribe being the Visayans, who form nearly one-fourth of the entire civilized population (3,219, 030). The Tagalogs, occupying the provinces in the vicinity of Manila (1,460,695) rank second in numbers, and the Ilocanos (803,942) the third. Education has been practically reorganized by the Americans, The total annual enrolment for the year 1913 was 440,050. The eurolment for September, 1913, was 525,959. The total number of schools is 4,304. One thousand additional primary schools, largely increasing the total enrolment, were opened in 1913. Nine thousand four hundred and eighty-three teachers are employed of whom 658 are Americans and 8,825 Filipinos. English is very generally taught, and the next generation of Filipinos will probably speak that tongue. Pauperism is almost unknown in the islands. In 1902 there were only 1,668 paupers maintained at public charge. Vital statistics are as yet restricted to Manila. Population of Manila is 246, 778. The death rate in the city of Manila is 26.91 per thousand. The birth rate is 36.79 per thousand. In 1912 there were 70 newspapers and periodicals published in the islands, 19 being in English, 16 in Spanish, 15 in native dialects, 7 in Spanish and English, 11 in Spanish and native dialects, and 2 in Spanish, English, and native dialects. The assessed real estate property value in 1912 was 484,037,327. 10 pesos. The reported value of church buildings, mostly Catholic, is 41,698, 710 pesos. The bonded indebtedness of the Philippine Government including the bonded indebtedness of the cities of Manila and Cebú is $16,125,000.

The climate is one of the best in the tropics. The islands extend from 50 to 210 north latitude, and Manila is in 140 35. The thermometer during July and August rarely goes below 790 or above 850. The extreme ranges in a year are said to be 610 and 970, and the annual mean 810.

AGRICULTURE.

Although agriculture is the chief occupation of the Filipinos, yet only one-ninth of the surface is under cultivation. The soil is very fertile, and even after deducting the mountainous areas it is probable that the area of cultivation can be very largely extended and that the islands can support population equal to that of Japan (42,000,000).

The chief products are hemp, rice, coru, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, and cacao, hemp being the most important commercial product and constituting 43 per cent. of the value of all exports. Coffee and Colton were formerly produced in large quantities-the former for export and the latter for home consumption; but the coffee plant has been almost exterminated by insects and the home-made cotton cloths have been driven out by the competition of those imported from England. The rice and corn are principally produced in Luzon and Mindoro and are consumed in the islands. The cacao is raised in the southern islands, the best quality of it at Mindanao. The sugar cane is raised in the Visayas, The hemp is produced in Southern Luzon, Mindoro, the Visayas, and Mindanao. It is nearly all exported in bales. Tobacco is raised in many of the islands, especially Luzon and Negros.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

In the year ending June 30, 1914, the exports of domestic merchandise from the United States to the Philippines were $27,268, 064, and the total imports from the Philippines for the same period were $18,162,312,

The imports of merchandise from foreign countries, year ending June 30, 1914, were $27,439,749, and the exports were $29,190,943, The principal foreign countries trading with the Philippines are Great Britain, French East Indies, China, and Spain.

CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES.

On July 1, 1902, Congress passed (chapter 1369) An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of efvil government in the Philippine Islands and for other purposes." Under this act complete civil government was established in the Archipelago, except that portion

INSULAR POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued.

inhabited by Moros, comprising part of Mindanao and the Sulu Islands, and the office of Military Governor was terminated. Wm. H. Taft was appointed Civil Governor by the President, the title being subsequently changed to that of Governor-General, Governor Taft was succeeded by Luke E. Wright in December, 1903, by Henry Clay Ide in 1905, James F. Smith in 1906, W. Cameron Forbes in 1909, and Francis Burton Harrison in 1913. The government was composed of a Civil Governor and seven commissioners, of whom four were Americans and three Filipinos. By act of Congress approved May 11, 1908, the commission was increased by one member, to be appointed by the President, making the commission nine members in all, including the Governor-General, who is President of the Philippine Commission. The Philippine Commission is now composed of five Filipinos and four Americans. There are four executive departments-Interior, Finance, and Justice, Commerce and Police, and Public Instruction. There are thirty-eight provinces, each with a Governor, a Treasurer, and prosecuting attorney (provincial fiscal). Local governments have been established in about 725 towns. The officials consist of a President, Vice-President, and Councilmen (the latter varying in number according to the population) and are elected by the qualified voters of the municipality and serve for four years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with seven Judges; Courts of First Instance, Justice of the Peace Courts. There are twenty-six Judicial Districts. In each province there is a Court of First Instance and a Court of the Justice of the Peace in each organized municipality in every province where there is a Court of First Instance. In March, 1907, the President in accordance with the act of Congress, directed the Commission to call a general election of delegates to a Philippine Assembly. The new Assembly was chosen July 30, and was opened Octo ber 16 by Secretary of War Taft. It was politically divided as follows: Nacionalists, 31; Progresistas, 16; Independents, 20; Immediatistas, 7; Independistas, 4: Nacional Independiente, 1; Catolico, 1. The total vote recorded at the election for delegates was 104,000, which is only 1.4 per cent, of the population. The second election was held on November 2, 1909. The number of persons registered was 208, 845 and the number of votes cast 192,975, which is 2. 81 per cent, of the population. The third election was held on June 4, 1912. Incomplete returns showed 248,154 registered voters and 235,786 votes cast. By act of February 15, 1911, the members of the Philippine Assembly are elected for four years from the 16th day of October following their election, and the resident commissioners for four years, their term of office beginning on March 4 following their election. The next election will take place about June 1, 1916. At the first session of the Sixty-first Congress an act was passed and approved August 5, 1909, readjusting the customs duties on imports from all countries, fucluding the United States, on the basis generally of reductions. By act of Congress approved March 23,1912, section four of the act of Congress approved July 1, 1902, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," was amended to read as follows:-That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, signed at Paris, December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight: Provided, That the Philippine Legislature is hereby authorized to provide by law for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing provisions, the natives of other insular possessions of the United States, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who could become citizens of the United States, under the laws of the United States if residing therein."

The Philippine Constabulary, which is distributed throughout the Archipelago in 119 stations, consists of 318 officers and 4, 480 enlisted men.

There are in operation 590 post-offices, free delivery municipal letter-carrier service in 439 municipalities, 275 money-order offices, and 437 postal-savings banks, with 39,909 accounts. Of the 39,909 depositors, 32,906 are Filipinos.

The total kilometreage of telegraph and cable lines on June 30, 1913, was 9,327, 411, and the number of telegraph offices 290. There are also four wireless stations operated. The total kilometreage of railroads in operation is 1,050.1.

Of the legislation enacted by the legislative authority in the islands during the last two years might be mentioned that fixing the gold-standard fund at a sum equal to 35 per cent. of the money of the Government of the Philippine Islands in circulation and available for that purpose, exclusive of the silver certificates in circulation protected by gold reserve; that providing for the apportionment between the insular, provincial and municipal governments of taxes paid by grantees of franchises; that embodying certain provisions concerning the building and operation of railroads, and that providing for the establishment of an irrigation system.

PORTO RICO.

The island of Porto Rico, over which the flag of the United States was raised in token of formal possession on October 18, 1898, is the most eastern of the Greater Antilles in the West Indies and is separated on the east from the Danish island of St. Thomas by a distance of about fifty miles, and from Hayti on the west by the Mona passage, seventy miles wide. Distances from San Juan, the capital, to important points are as follows: New York, 1,411 miles; Charleston, S. C., 1,200 miles; Key West, Fla., 1,050 miles; Havana, 1,000 miles.

The island is a parallelogram in general outline, 108 miles from the east to the west, and from 37 to 43 miles across, the area being about 3,600 square miles, or somewhat less than half that of the State of New Jersey (Delaware has 2,050 square miles and Connecticut 4,990 square miles). The population according to an enumeration made by the United States Government in 1900 showed a population of 953,243, of whom 589,426 are white and 363, 817 are colored. The density was 260 to the square mile in 1900; 83.2 per cent, of the population could not read. The population in 1910 is reported as 1,118,012.

Porto Rico is unusually fertile, and its dominant industries are agriculture and lumbering. In elevated regions the vegetation of the temperate zone is not unknown. There are more than 500 varieties of trees found in the forests, and the plains are full of palm, orange, and other trees. The principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, and maize, but oranges, bananas, rice, pineapples, and many other fruits are important products. The largest article of export from Porto Rico is sugar. The next is tobacco. Other exports in order of amount are coffee, fruits, molasses, cattle, timber, and hides The principal minerals found in Porto Rico are gold, carbonates, and sulphides of copper and magnetic oxide of iron in large quantities. Lignite is found at Utuado and Moca, and also yellow amber. A large variety of marbles, limestones, and other building stones are deposited on the island,

INSULAR POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued.

[graphic]

but these resources are very undeveloped. There are salt works at Guanica and Salina on the south
coast, and at Cape Rojo on the west, and these constitute the principal mineral industry in Porto Rico.
The principal cities are Mayaguez, with 16,939, Ponce, 35,027 inhabitants; and San Juan, the
capital, with 48,716. The shipments of domestic merchandise from the United States to Porto
Rico, year ending June 30, 1914, were $31,754,695. The exports of domestic merchandise to the
The foreign trade, year ending June 30, 1914, was: Imports,
United States were $34, 423, 180.
$3,838,419: exports, 88,679, 582.

An act providing for a civil government for Porto Rico was passed by the Fifty-sixth Congress and received the assent of the President April 12, 1900. A statement of its provisions was printed in THE WORLD ALMANAC for 1901, pages 92 and 93. President Roosevelt in his message to Congress in December, 1906, recommended the granting of United States citizenship to the Porto Ricans, and a bill was introduced in the Sixty-second Congress providing for the same, but failed to reach a final vote. Under this act a civil government was established, which went into effect May 1, 1900. There are two legislative chambers, the Executive Council, or upper house," composed of the Government Secretary, Attorney-General, Treasurer, Auditor, Commissioner of the Interior, and Commissioner of Education, and five citizens appointed by the President, and the House of Delegates, or lower house," consisting of 35 members, elected by the people. The island is represented in the Congress of the United States by a Resident Commissioner.

The Legislature of 1912 enacted a sanitation law establishing an Insular board of health, and a general sanitary organization, provided a bureau of labor, and authorized investment by the treasurer of $200,000 in first mortgage bonds of a corporation to be organized for the construction of a modern hotel in San Juan. It also authorized a bond issue of $500,000 in connection with port improvements at San Juan. The Legislature of 1913 provided for the retirement on 4 pay of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the island after ten years' service, and upon reaching 65 years of age, and ordered the establishment of an insular hospital in each of the seven districts in which the island is divided, for those suffering from transmissible and contagious diseases.

Tutulla, the Samoan island which, with its attendant islets of Manu'a, Olosega, Ofu, Aunuu and Rose, became a possession of the United States by virtue of the tri-partite treaty with Great Britain and Germany in 1899, covers, according to the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce, fifty-five square miles, and has (by census of February 1, 1912) 7,251 inhabitants. It possesses the most valuable island harbor, Pago-Pago, in the South Pacific, and perhaps in the entire Pacific Ocean. Commercially the island is unimportant at present, but is extremely valuable in its relations to the commerce of any nation desiring to cultivate trans-Pacific commerce.

B Ex-Chief Justice Chambers, of Samoa, says of Pago-Pago that "The harbor could hold the entire naval force of the United States, and is so perfectly arranged that only two vessels can enter at the same time. The coaling station, being surrounded by high bluffs, cannot be reached by shells from outside. Capacity of coaling station, 4,200 tons.

Tutuila is 4, 160 miles from San Francisco, 2, 263 The Samoan Islands, in the South Pacific, are fourteen in number, and lie in a direct line drawn from San Francisco to Auckland, New Zealand. miles from Hawaii, 1,580 miles from Auckland, 2,354 miles from Sydney, and 4,200 miles from Manila. The inhabitants are native Polynesians and Christians of different denominations,

The civil government is administered by a Governor, a naval officer nominated by the Navy Department and appointed by the President. All civil affairs are under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department,

WAKE AND OTHER ISLANDS.

[graphic]

The United States flag was hoisted over Wake Island on July 4, 1898, by General F. V. Greene, commanding 2d Detachment Philippine Expedition. It is a small island in the direct route from Hawaii to Hongkong, about 2,000 miles from the first and 3,000 miles from the second.

The United States possesses a number of scattered small islands in the Pacific Ocean, some hardly more than rocks or coral reefs, over which the flag has been hoisted from time to time. They are of little present value and mostly uninhabited. The largest are Christmas, Gallego, Starbuck, Penrhyn, Phoenix, Palmyra, Howland, Baker, Johnston, Gardner, Midway, Morell, and Marcus islands. The Midway Islands are occupied by a colony of telegraphers in charge of the relay in the cable line connecting the Philippines with the United States, in all about forty persons.

The Santa Barbara group is a part of California and the Aleutian chain, extending from the penInsular of Kamchatka in Asiatic Russia to the promontory in North America which separates Bering Sea from the North Pacific, a part of Alaska,

INSULAR POSSESIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.-Continued.

HAWAII.

Hawaii was annexed to the United States by joint resolution of Congress July 7, 1898. A bill to create Hawaii a Territory of the United States was passed by Congress and approved April 30, 1900, The area of the several islands of the Hawaiian group is as follows: Hawaii. 4,210 square miles; Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Niihau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63. Total, 6,740 square miles.

At the time of the discovery of the islands by Captain Cook in 1778 the native population was about 200,000. This has steadily decreased, so that at the census of 1910 the native born numbered but 98.157. Total foreign born (1910), 93, 752.

The first United States census of the islands was taken in 1900 with the following result: Hawalf Island, 46,843; Kauai Island, 20,562; Niihau Island, 172; Maui Island, 25.416; Molokai Island and Lanai Island. 2,504; Oahu Island, 58.504. Total of the Territory, 154, 001. The population of the city of Honolulu was 39,306. The population of Hawaii according to the 1910 census, made by the United States Census Bureau, was 191,909, Honolulu City having a population of 52,183.

POPULATION OF HAWAII, BY ISLANDS, 1910.

Hawaii..

Kahoolawe....

55,382 Lanai
2 Maui

Kauai..

23,744 Midway.

131 Molokai.. ......... 28, 623 Niihau..... 35 Oahu....

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1,791 208

81,993

158

537

2,736

The exports of domestic merchandise from Hawaii to the United States in the twelve months ending June 30, 1914, were valued at 840,628,200. The imports into Hawaii from the United States for the same period were valued at $25,571,169.

The value of imports and exports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, aggregated $79,474,880, the imports valued at $36.002,940, and exports 843,471,940. The imports from the United States have almost doubled during the last six years. The exports of pineapples have increased almost fivefold, or from about $800,000 to about $4,000,000, during the last five years. The customs receipts were $1,869, 513, 89.

The Territorial bonded indebtedness was $6,844,000, or 3.90 per cent. of the assessed value of property, which is $175, 201, 161.

Bank deposits aggregated $17.026,297.02 of which commercial deposits were $11,641,901.30, and savings deposits $5,384,395.72. There are 93 post-offices. There are powerful wireless stations for transmitting and receiving messages to and from San Francisco and Japan and with vessels at sea,

The number of schools is 212. There are 986 teachers and the number of pupils has increased during the 13 years of Territorial government from 15,537 to 32,938, or 112 per cent.

The new Territorial Government was inaugurated at Honolulu June 14, 1900, and the first Territorial Legislature began its sessions at Honolulu February 20, 1901. The Legislature is composed of two houses-the Senate of fifteen members, holding office four years, and the House of Representatives of thirty members, holding oflice two years. The Legislature meets biennially, and sessions are limited to sixty days.

The executive power is lodged in a Governor, a Secretary, both appointed by the President, and hold office four years, and the following officials appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate of Hawaii. An Attorney-General, Treasurer, Commissioner of Public Lands, Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, Superintendent of Public Works, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Auditor and Deputy, Surveyor, High Sheriff, and members of the Boards of Health, Public Instruction. Prison Inspectors, etc. They hold office for four years, and must be citizens of Hawaii.

The Territorial Courts comprise a Supreme Court of three members, 5 Circuit Courts, of which 1 has three members, who sit separately, and the others one member each, and 29 District Courts. The Supreme Court and Circuit Court Judges are appointed by the President, and the District Magistrates by the Chief Justice of the Territorial Supreme Court. The Circuit Courts are the courts of general original jurisdiction. They try law, equity, probate, and divorce cases. The First Circuit Court acts also as a court of land registration. The Circuit and District Courts act also as Juvenile Courts. The Territory is a Federal Judicial District, with a District Judge, District Attorney, and Marshal, all appointed by the President. The District Judge has all the powers of a Circuit Judge. The Territory is represented in Congress by a delegate, who is elected biennially by the people. Provision is made in the act creating the Territory for the residence of Chinese in the Territory, and prohibition as laborers to enter the United States The imports and exports aggregated $79,474,880 during the fiscal year 1913. Receipts of the Territorial Government greatly exceeded the expenditures, notwithstanding large increases in the latter for public schools, public health and other matters. During the fiscal year 1913, 325 homesteads were taken. About five million dollars will be available during the present biennial period for the building of roads, water and sewer works, wharves and harbors, publicschools and other public buildings and the reclamation of wet lands in several towns. There was an increase over the preceding year in the expenditures for public schools the total being $946, 541.50. Pearl Harbor channel has been completed and the harbor was entered for the first time by a large war vessel, the California.

FARMERS' NATIONAL CONCRESS.

President-W. L. Ames, Oregon, Wis. Secretary-O. D. Hill, Kendalia, W. Va. Levi Morrison, Greenville, Pa.

Treasurer

A delegate body representing more than 3,000,000 farmers. Urges: General parcel post; liberal Federal aid for good roads and inland waterways; teaching of agriculture in the public schools; a Federal pure seed law; head tax and illiteracy test on immigration; a rura! credit system not controlled by the banking power; also law to prevent imitation of butter; legislation to curb water-power monopolies; Fational and State control of land frand agencies; protection of co-operative enter prises. Opposes: Ship subsidies; interstate liquor traffic into known dry territory; free distribution of seeds.

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