the frame work tenanted. The front end, A, F, (Figs. 1. and II.) projected beyond the centre of the wheel, and had, within, a breast, K, K', K", K", (Fig. 1.) made to fit accurately the periphery of the wheel, except near the top, (from K, to K',) where an interval was left between the breast and wheel, to facilitate the discharge of air from the buckets. The breast was secured from springing, and made moveable at pleasure, to adapt it to the use of the smaller wheels, by accurately fitting the planks composing it to circular cleats (not shown in the figures,) spiked to the forebay on the concave side of the breast; to press the planks against these cleats, a second set was spiked to the forebay on the convex side of the breast, between which and the breast-planks wedges of the proper form were tightly driven.

In the breast, apertures closed by gates were provided at different points, through which to let the water upon the wheel. The sluices, or chutes, connected with the apertures, were narrowest at the parts where the water issued, and deiivered the water to the buckets nearly n the directions of tangents to the wheel at the several points of emission. The lowest, or undershot aperture, was not in the breast, but in a vertical partition, a, a', (Fig. 1.) extending from the floor of the forebay to the breast, the bottom of the aperture being on a level with the lowest point of the wheel; this aperture was closed by a gate sliding in vertical grooves, and the water flowing through it was delivered by a sluice, narrowing towards the point of emission, in a tangential direction to the lowest point of the wheel. The overshot gate at K, discharged the water immediately over the centre of the wheel. The details of drawing and description in relation to the construction of the gates and apertures, to the methods of guaging, &c. will be given when the committee treat of the action of the wheel under the several circumstances of experiment.

Water was admitted to the forebay through two iron pipes, L, L', and M, M', (Figs. I. and II.) of 6 inches in diameter, passing through the bottom of the forebay, and connected with the pipes from the city water-works; the supply was regulated by two stop cocks, at b and b', (Fig. I acted upon by levers of the second order, having their fulera at c,

and c', which by the interve ntion of two vertical rods, d, d', and e, e', were connected with the levers, d', g, and e', g'; the common fulcrum of the levers, d'. g, and e', g', was at f, and their handles, g, and g', near the end of the forebay, were conveniently placed in relation to an assistant, on the upper floor, G, G" whose duty it was to regulate the supply of water. The upper ends of the waterpipes were made to project 18 inches above the floor of the forebay, that the rush of water from them might not produce irregularity in the action of the undershot aperture.

To show the level of the water within the forebay, a float, h, (Plate I.) moving freely in vertical guides, was placed at the back end: to this float a graduated tape line, h, h', h", was attached, passing over a pulley, h', and kept tight by means of a weight, h"; an index i, served to show upon the tape line the head of water sought. A valve, k, (Fig. II.) in the bottom of the fore. bay, could be opened by depressing the end, k", (Figs. 1. and II.) of the lever k', k', and served to allow the escape, when required, of the water, through the trunk I, to the waste trough.

The levers for opening and closing the various gates in the breast were attached to the top of the forebay, in such positions as best to answer the ends to be accomplished by them. As the drawing would be much confused by an attempt to represent all these levers, but one system is shewn, namely, that 1, V, l", K, (Plate I.) for opening the overshot gate; the lever, l, l', was oblique to the side of the forebay; by turning the handle, 1, to the left, the fulcrum being at m, the end l', and (by means of the connecting rod, l', ',) the end l", of the lever l", K, were turned to the right, which, the fulcrum of ", K, being at m', opened the gate at K.

(To be continued in our next.)

CANINE SAGACITY. NECESSITY OF
SUBURBAN MARKETS.

The following remarkable instance of canine sagacity was related by the Rev. Dr. Booker, in the course of a sermon, lately preached by him, in aid of the excellent Association for Promoting Rational Humanity towards the Animal Creation, to which we some time ago directed the attention of our readers. We make the ex

tract from a report of the sermon which appears in the last No. of "The Voice of Humanity."

"On entering Lincoin's-inn-fields, a few days since, a new shorn sheep, pursued by a large dog, of the breed that is distinguished for its attachment to flocks, ran close by me. The dog, on passing the less sagacious animal, endeavoured to turn it back without touching it. But the affrighted simple creature wandering still more and more astray, pursued its erring course, when its canine guardian again followed it, and on overtaking it, threw himself down before it as an intended obstruction. Not succeeding in that well-meant service, at last, on overtaking the poor animal-there being no fleece to lay hold of, he caught it by one of its fore legs, and gently laid it down, laying by it till his master's arrival, who, as he had a stick in his hand, I appre hended would inflict violence on the unoffending animal for the trouble it had given him. Therefore, instantly, I lifted up my voice for the dumb, appointed to destruction, and said, "My friend, your dog has faithfully done his duty, merci. fully do yours, pray do not hurt the poor creature.'' No, Sir,' he replied, 'I wont hurt it; and I knew the dog would not; he is too fond of sheep for that!'Is this the only one you have near? No, Sir; I have many at the end of that street,' pointing to Great Queen-street; but this broke

from

them.' Where did you bring them from?'--'Smithfield.'- Where are you taking them to? To the other side of the city.'' Ah,' said I, silently, this is an additional proof, to innumerable ones, that Loudon should have its cattle and sheep markets on the four sides of the city, nearest to their respective counties; for, brought from their quiet pastures, to be driven through crowded streets, no wonder that timid animals like these are alarmed, and often injured, while those of a fiercer kind (from terror or ill-treatment) frequently commit injuries calamitous and dreadful."

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

Sir, I have nothing whatever to do with Temperance Societies, neither is it my intention to join one; nevertheless, I cannot but look upon them as founded in the most benevolent views, and calculated to do much good, and as therefore entitled to be treated with all respect when their plans are discussed. If they have reclaimed but one-tenth of the

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number of drunkards they are stated to have done, they deserve the thanks of the whole community.

It was with some pains, therefore, I observed the manner in which they were spoken of by your correspondent, "Junius Redivivus," and though I do not think their success will be in the least impeded by criticism of the sort in which he has indulged, I cannot let his remarks pass without a few words of notice.

It requires no great stretch of philosophy to declare, that "to begin at the beginning" should be the object of all reform; but, instead of preaching from the text, "Be sober," J. R. prefers diverting attention to certain fanciful, or, at least remote, causes of drunkenness, such as taxes on the diffusion of knowledge, natural want of excitement, &c. According to his theory of the matter, those whom he inconsistently calls the "good boy" class, that is, the stupid and illiterate portion of mankind, ought to be the most intemperate, while men of genius and reading, should be all patterns of sobriety? But can he aver such to be the fact? He has observed, to little purpose, or, I should rather say, none at all, if such is the result of his experience.

I deny that want of excitement, or in plainer terms, idleness, has any necessary connection with drunkenness; but supposing it had, how can a government be accountable for the natural disposition of its subjects? An indolent man may or may not be a drunkard according to his taste; education often proves powerless against this, as well as other vices; it may be seen at times forming part and parcel of a man, as inseparably as the love of blood is from the disposition of the tiger. Again, misery does not always, nor necessarily, lead to drunkenness, while drunkenness is almost invariably followed by misery. Most of the confirmed drunkards whom I have known, have closed their career in poverty and wretchedness; but they were all, without exception, the victims of an inordinate love of drink, and not of any want of employment, want of reading, or want of a due share of the good things of life. Your correspondent cites a popular story, in confirmation of the small dependance to be placed on vows of temperance. I, too, could cite my instances, and instances of probably quite

as authentic a character, to show the omnipotent strength there is in a virtuous resolution.

Dram-drinking is not, I grieve to say, confined to the working-classes; it is notorious that the practice is as actively in operation among lords, and even ladies, of high degree, as among the swinish multitude. So much, then, for the sobering influence of education. Never was knowledge more generally diffused than at the present day, yet never were habits of inebriety more on the increase. The cheapness of ardent spirits may help to account for their extensive use; but only in a subordinate degree. Much is said of the effect of vivacity of temperament; but if this were a cause of drinking, how does it happen that the sprightly Frenchman, and the gay Italian, are not so given to this vice, as the ardent Frishman, or the spirited Englishman ?

The vicious are never at a loss for an excuse for their wickedness; and it is always much easier to charge our faults on others, than by a vigorous effort, to release ourselves from the thraldom of an enslaving and pernicious habit. To say, that the government, by their taxes, uphold drunkenness! It is like the man who traces all our distress to the eating of rotten mutton.

The best antidote to this abominable vice is, in my humble opinion, to be found in the precepts of religion. He who will deign to be instructed by them, will never be found among that degraded portion of mankind, who are worse than the beasts of the field; and it is to the extension of those moral feelings inculcated by their teaching, that I look for the ultimate triumph of temperance over all its enemies.

and from a quarter, in no way likely to remove the doubts of your correspondent. It is very natural for Mr. John Beare, whether as the present proprietor of the patent-or, as the nephew of the father of this great invention, to give it (like the Irishman) as good a character as he can; and this he has certainly done; for it has hitherto been, "nothing like leather **

While some persons, like Mr. Shalders and his nephew, bave been extolling the Patent Gravitating Expressing Fountains to the skies, others have spoken very disrespectfully indeed of its merits. This, like every other question has two sides, and the truth will no doubt be found somewhere between them.

If any impartial observer, who has employed one of these pumps for any length of time, with a lift of not less than forty feet, will furnish an account of the result of his observations, we shall then have something tangible to deal with.

The principal points on which information appears to be wanting, are:

1st. The cost, with size of the working parts; (No. 2 and No. 5, &c., are hieroglyphics to the uninitiated).

2nd. The quantity and description of power employed, and of work done.

3rd. Average durability of the connector, &c., with expence of replacing the

THE CAT AND THE AIR PUMP.

The following anecdote of the cat is related by De la Croix, as having fallen within his own observation. “I once saw," says he, "a lecturer upon experimental philosophy place a cat under the glass receiver of an air-pump, for the purpose of demonstrating that very certain fact, that life cannot be supported without air and respiration. The lecturer had already made several strokes upon the piston, in order to exhaust the receiver of air, when the animal, who began to feel herself very