Theories of Motivation; from Mechanism to Cognition

ability achievement motivation achievement needs action activity addition analysis animal anxiety approach associated assumed Atkinson attainment attempt attribution avoidance behavior believed causal cognitive conception concerning condition considered contends cues demonstrated deprivation determinants differences difficulty direction discussed dissonance drive effects effort emotional employed environment evidence examined example expectancy experiment experimental external extinction factors failure fear field Figure findings force function Further given goal greater habit important increase indicates individuals infer influence initial internal learning Lewin Mean measure ment needs object observed organism outcome perceived percent performance persisting person positive postulated predictions present prior probability processes produced psychological regions reinforcement relationship relatively reported response resultant achievement reward score setting similar situation social specified stimulus strength subjects subsequent success and failure Table task theoretical theory tion trials variable Weiner